The Survival Podcast

This morning I walked the dogs in 60 degree morning chill and I was ecstatic!  While our highs are still in the mid 80s the back of the 100+ degree monster seems truly broken.   Time to get serious about fall gardening and frankly fall maintenance of both land and tools. To me this is really my favorite time of year, I get to work without wanting to pass out in the heat, the plants do wonderful and I can take breaks by seeking to put an arrow in a deer, shot into a dove or a 22 into a squirrel.  Warm coffee doesn’t make you sweat on the morning dog walk, the holidays are on the way and life in general just feels better. Heavy Harvests of Summer Crops is a Part of Fall Gardening Join me Today as we Discuss  a Variety of Fall Garden Topics… Bed maintenance for beds you won’t be planting with “crops” Biochar Mulch Cover Crops Heavy Harvest of the Summer Crops Getting ready for the fall crops Protection or not? Starting seeds (sometimes indoors) Selecting plants from a nursery 10 Crops for the fall garden Spinach Chard Beets Garlic (planting for next fall) Onions and Leeks Broccoli Cabbage Kale Carrots Lettuce Tool Maintenance Getting the Edge on Cool Weather Windbreaks Southern Exposure Row Covers Micro Green Houses Resources for today’s show… Members Support Brigade Join Our Forum TSP Copper Harvest Eating – (sponsor of the day) Free State Project – (sponsor of the day) Be Part of Episode 1000 Meet Jack at the Hickory, NC Self Reliance Expo Facebook Event Page for the Early Meet and Greet in NC Full Details on the Hickory Early Meet and Greet Remember to comment, chime in and tell us your thoughts, this podcast is one man’s opinion, not a lecture or sermon. Also please enter our listener appreciation contest and help spread the word about our show. Also remember you can call in your questions and comments to 866-65-THINK and you might hear yourself on the air.  

Join Me Today as I Answer Your eMails It’s Monday and time for another round of you your feedback, questions and commentary sent to jack at thesurvivalpodcast.com. Make sure if you submit content for a feedback show that you put something like “comment for jack”, “question for jack” or “article for jack” in the subject line to assure proper identification for my screening process. Today we discuss the Iraqi Dinar Scam, pepper industry rip offs, city bankruptcy, voter ID, food storage, gold confiscation and more. Please understand I receive several hundred emails a day and can’t get them all on the air. I do put out a lot of information on Facebook from emails that I can’t fit on the program though so keep em coming. Join Me Today As I Respond to Your Emails On Can you get rich for pennies with the Iraqi Dinar? Um No! A new rip off from Solutions from Science Food storage on 50 dollars a week Did the government confiscate gold coins, no, they reclaimed stolen property More proof most financial “experts” are more likely idiots I said they were coming now they are here, private cities in Honduras Okay I admit it there MIGHT be a legitimate use for a credit card Using large timber stumps for hugulkultur Should we even call what we are doing with wood based gardens in the states hugulkultur In Harrisburg a Judge has ordered a tax increase Thoughts on voter ID and a way of seeing it the TV will never tell you Resources for Today’s Show… Members Support Brigade Join Our Forum TSP Copper ShelfReliance.com – (sponsor of the day) Silver and Gold Shop – (sponsor of the day) Be Part of Episode 1000 Meet Jack at the Hickory, NC Self Reliance Expo Consumer Alert on the Iraqi Dinar You Can’t Fix Stupid on the Dinar Scams How to Sell Your Dinars, Laughable Survival Tenet Number 5 on Food Storage Short Version Yellow Journalism on Supposed “Gold Confiscation”  Long Version Truth about the Gold Coins, note the use of “spirited away“ News Summary: Pay off student loans quickly? Honduras Agrees to Private City Deal 6 Purchases to Use a Credit Card For Harrisburg – Judge Orders Income Tax Doubled for all Residents Remember to comment, chime in and tell us your thoughts, this podcast is one man’s opinion, not a lecture or sermon. Also please enter our listener appreciation contest and help spread the word about our show. Also remember you can call in your questions and comments to 866-65-THINK and you might hear yourself on the air.

Join Me Today as I Answer Your Calls to 866-65-THINK Today I take your calls on silver, gold, earth ships, prepping for kids, sovereign citizens, seed banks, 457 plans, slaughtering livestock humanely, real estate and more Remember to be on a show like this one just pick up your phone and call 866-65-THINK. The best way to improve your chances of being on the air is to ask your question or make your point up front, then provide details. Also please do your best to call from a quite area with a good connection and speak up so you can be well heard. I can’t put all calls on the air but I do my best to get as many of them on as possible. Join Me Today As I Respond to Your Calls and Discuss… When to cash out on gains on gold and silver The good, the bad, the ugly on earth ships What can young children do to be more involved with prepping Thoughts on “sovereign citizens” Proper long term storage of seed banks How much stock should we put into canned food expiry dates What is a 457 plan and can you put gold into one of them Making a choice with pre 65 silver coin based on coin grades Dealing with the cold reality of livestock slaughter When is it a “good time” to buy a house Resources for today’s show… Members Support Brigade Join Our Forum TSP Copper The Berkey Guy – (sponsor of the day) Fortress Defense Consultants – (sponsor of the day) Be Part of Episode 1000 Meet Jack at the Hickory, NC Self Reliance Expo Facebook Event Page for the Early Meet and Greet in NC Full Details on the Hickory Early Meet and Greet Remember to comment, chime in and tell us your thoughts, this podcast is one man’s opinion, not a lecture or sermon. Also please enter our listener appreciation contest and help spread the word about our show. Also remember you can call in your questions and comments to 866-65-THINK and you might hear yourself on the air.

Today Michale Adam of the Revolutionary War Veterans Association and the Appleseed project joins us to discuss being a rifleman and concepts like history, honor and duty. Join us today as we discuss… What is the RWVA and what is Appleseed What is the difference between a rifleman and a guy with a rifle Why is mastering a rifle important Why is history a part of being a rifleman in America today What can you expect at an Appleseed shoot Why are so many women and young people jumping on board with Appleseed How Appleseed ensures safety at their shoots What it takes to be and Appleseed Instructor How marksmanship creates a unique type of accountability How can you learn more about Appleseed Additional Resources for Today’s Show Members Support Brigade TSP Gear Shop Join Our Forum Be Part of Episode 1000 Meet Jack at the Hickory, NC Self Reliance Expo Facebook Event Page for the Early Meet and Greet in NC Full Details on the Hickory Early Meet and Greet Project Appleseed The Rifleman Radio Show The Rifleman Radio Show on Facebook Battle Road USA Remember to comment, chime in and tell us your thoughts, this podcast is one man’s opinion, not a lecture or sermon. Also please enter our listener appreciation contest and help spread the word about our show. Also remember you can call in your questions and comments to 866-65-THINK and you might hear yourself on the air.

Cindy and Stephen Scott of Terroir Seeds Stephen Scott is co-owner of Terroir Seeds along with his wife Cindy.  Terroir is a family owned and operated heirloom seed company that focuses on the “Cycle of Terroir” defined as “from the soil, to the seed, to the food you eat”.  Terroir seeds provides unique varieties of heirloom seeds, education and information for all phases of the “Terroir Cycle”. Stephen has a business background, from management of a nationally known rental car agency to warranty administrator for a local car dealership. He is an acknowledged chili-head who loves the hotter side of things and loves to cook. He feels one of the biggest appeals of the garden and growing is to supply the freshest ingredients for the meals! He has a large interest in self sustainability and resiliency- being able to do and produce most of what one needs, and building a strong community of local food producers. Resources for Today’s Show… Members Support Brigade TSP Copper Join Our Forum Sawtooth Tactical – (sponsor of the day) Ready Made Resources – (sponsor of the day) Be Part of Episode 1000 Meet Jack at the Hickory, NC Self Reliance Expo Facebook Event Page for the Early Meet and Greet in NC Terroir Seeds Terroir Seeds Newsletter Remember to comment, chime in and tell us your thoughts, this podcast is one man’s opinion, not a lecture or sermon. Also please enter our listener appreciation contest and help spread the word about our show. Also remember you can call in your questions and comments to 866-65-THINK and you might hear yourself on the air.

Greg Mannarino of Market Report Gregory Mannarino is a financial strategist, technical analyst, and also a practicing health care provider. Greg is the “host” of a popular daily YouTube blog which explores and exposes the machinations of Wall Street, finance, economics, government, and current events relating to these subjects. Greg started his financial career working on Wall Street as an analyst and trader for the securities and trading arm of Bear Stearns during the dot-com bubble. He began his medical career practicing at Staten Island University Hospital Emergency Department. He also served as a commissioned officer in the United States Naval Reserve Medical Service Corps. To date Greg is the author of 7 books, his newest book is titled “The Politics Of Money,” and is a complete version of all his works which have been updated as well.  This latest version of his work, The Politics Of Money, will supersede and replace all of his previous books as he will be phasing out his previous publications. In Greg’s own words, “I am a Wall Street insider who knows the global money game. Please allow me to walk you through and show you how money really works. We are now in the midst of a transition period to a new monetary system, and the greatest transfer of wealth in human history is already well underway. In the literal sense it is grand theft on an unimaginable scale being perpetrated by the world’s major banks and fostered by our policymakers.” Resources for today’s show… Members Support Brigade Join Our Forum TSP Copper Knife Kits – (sponsor of the day) Western Botanicals – (sponsor of the day) Be Part of Episode 1000 Meet Jack at the Hickory, NC Self Reliance Expo GregoryMannarino.com Greg’s Youtube Channel Greg on Facebook Greg’s Book, The Politics of Money Greg on Twitter Oath Keepers Remember to comment, chime in and tell us your thoughts, this podcast is one man’s opinion, not a lecture or sermon. Also please enter our listener appreciation contest and help spread the word about our show. Also remember you can call in your questions and comments to 866-65-THINK and you might hear yourself on the air.

Join Me Today as I Answer Your Calls to 866-65-THINK Today I take your calls on gardening, natural sweeteners, permaculture design courses, blue sky money, “solar generators”, body armor, prepping mindset, freezing seed and Remember to be on a show like this one just pick up your phone and call 866-65-THINK. The best way to improve your chances of being on the air is to ask your question or make your point up front, then provide details. Also please do your best to call from a quite area with a good connection and speak up so you can be well heard. I can’t put all calls on the air but I do my best to get as many of them on as possible. Join Me Today As I Respond to Your Calls and Discuss… Why volunteer plants have issues then nursery stated seedlings Expert Panel member Keith Snow weighs in on cooking with stevia Why plain old sugar should be part of your preps What is the real value of a Permaculture PDC certification What would I do with 7 million dollars free and clear The truth about solar generators and hyped marketing The benefits and limits of body armor Why mind set is more important than stuff The way to have the nation of our past in the here and now Resources for today’s show… Members Support Brigade Join Our Forum TSP Copper Harvest Eating – (sponsor of the day) Free State Project – (sponsor of the day) Be Part of Episode 1000 Proper Spelling of the Condition Mentioned by the caller is “commotio cordis” and it is the same thing as a cardiac concussion Meet Jack at the Hickory, NC Self Reliance Expo Episode-717- Everyday Carry and Beyond Episode-251- Prepper Mentality vs. Self Sufficient Mentality Mollison/Lawton PDC on DVD   Remember to comment, chime in and tell us your thoughts, this podcast is one man’s opinion, not a lecture or sermon. Also please enter our listener appreciation contest and help spread the word about our show. Also remember you can call in your questions and comments to 866-65-THINK and you might hear yourself on the air.

Lee Reich, PhD and Self Proclaimed “Farmdener” Lee Reich, PhD is an avid farmdener (more than a garden, less than a farm), gardening consultant, and writer who has worked in plant and soil research with the U. S. Department of Agriculture and Cornell University. Dr. Reich is a well known author, most recently he published, of The Pruning Book and Grow Fruit Naturally.  He is also the author of 4 additional books. Lee writes regularly for Associated Press and publications such as Fine Gardening and Horticulture and Mother Earth News. His garden has been featured in such publications as the New York Times and Martha Stewart Living, has won awards from National Gardenign and Organic Gardening magazines, and has been included in “Open Days” tours of the Garden Conservancy. Lee joins us today to discuss how anyone in the nation can grow fruit naturally by choosing the right fruits and varieties.   We will discuss the most important first consideration in growing fruit naturally and what fruit would Lee would grow if he could grow only one fruit.  We will also discuss how you can eat fresh fruit through most of the winter months and other season extending tips.  Resources for Today’s Show… Members Support Brigade Join Our Forum TSP Copper Safecastle Royal – (sponsor of the day) Info on the Safecastle Special I Mentioned Back Yard Food Production – (sponsor of the day) Be Part of Episode 1000 Meet Jack at the Hickory, NC Self Reliance Expo Dr. Reich’s Website Dr. Reich’s Books In Lee’s Garden – Dr. Reich’s Blogs Remember to comment, chime in and tell us your thoughts, this podcast is one man’s opinion, not a lecture or sermon. Also please enter our listener appreciation contest and help spread the word about our show. Also remember you can call in your questions and comments to 866-65-THINK and you might hear yourself on the air.

Issac’s Projected Path – Click for Larger Image Today we have a two parter.  I begin by answering a question I have gotten a lot lately.  That is, “what am I personally doing to deal with what will be tropical depression Issac when it passes for all intents and purposes directly over my house”. The answer is, well not that much different then the typical things I am always prepared for but there is a basic checklist, some travel adjustments and a simple mindset that we are putting in place to be ready for the remnants of this storm.  While those far inland such as myself won’t have 90 MPH winds and storm surge we run the same risks of any severe weather event. Additionally Issac is moving painfully slow (6-10 MPH ground speed) so we will likely have sustained winds in the 2o MPH range for 8-12 hours and heavy rainfall for a lot longer then that.  I think anyone in the path of this storm needs to be prepared for loss of power and flooding in low lying areas.  If like me you are on a ridge 900 feet above surrounding low lands you might not flood but your access to services may be cut off. Mil Apostol – Beekeeper, Organic Gardener, Chef We then turn to today’s main subject, natural beekeeping with langstroth hives. I think that since the first two bee keepers in our beekeeping series were top bar folks some of you got the impression that I am against what could be called a “conventional hive”, I am not, in fact I am a bee keeping novice to say the least, that is why I lined up a series of people using various methods. Today’s guest is Mil Apostol.  Mil has been keeping bees in her backyard since 2008 when she got her first hive.  She studied with master beekeeper Serge Lebesque and keeps her hives chemical-free. Mil believes in learning from local wild bees about how to be a better beekeeper. She has an organic garden, worked as a chef for many years, and also is an avid forager of wild foods. She joins us today to answer questions like, How do you get started in beekeeping? What basic gear do you need to start beekeeping What are the start up costs of setting up a system properly? How much work is involved in beekeeping over a year? How can you be a chemical-free beekeeper? How many hives should a beginning beekeeper start with? Expected honey yields and pressing equipment? Is maintenance free beekeeping an option? Additional Resources for Today’s Show Members Support Brigade TSP Copper Join Our Forum Be Part of Episode 1000 Meet Jack at the Hickory, NC Self Reliance Expo ShelfReliance.com – (sponsor of the day) Silver and Gold Shop – (sponsor of the day) Urban Farm and Beehives – (Mil’s Site) Interactive Issac Storm Tracker

Today I have the great honor of interviewing Captain Mark Silvers and Captain Sean Gobin, two combat veterans and the founders of “Warrior Hike”. Captain Sean Gobin Captain Sean Gobin enlisted in the Marine Corps in 1994 as an infantryman and received his commission upon graduating from the University of Mississippi in 2001. As an Armor Officer, Sean served as a platoon commander in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003 and again in 2005. From 2010 to 2011, Sean served as an Afghan National Security Forces Development Officer in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. Upon completion of Warrior Hike, Sean plans to pursue a Masters Degree in Business Administration at the University of Virginia. Captain Mark Silvers Captain Mark Silvers enlisted in the Marine Corps in 2006 and received his commission upon graduating from the University of Virginia in 2007.  While deployed to Afghanistan from 2009 to 2010, Mark served as a platoon commander. Captian Silvers deployed again from 2011 to 2012 as the 2d Marine Division Aide-de-Camp.  Following his time in the Marine Corps and the completion of Warrior Hike, Mark will pursue a Masters Degree in Business Administration at the University of Virginia. Together Mark and Sean founded warrior hike and successfully hiked all 2180 miles of the Appalachian Trail and hosted 38 separate fund raisers at Veterans of Foreign Wars Posts along the trail to raise donations in order to purchase adaptive vehicles for veterans who have suffered multiple amputations during combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Resources for Today’s Show… Members Support Brigade Join Our Forum TSP Copper Be Part of Episode 1000 Meet Jack at the Hickory, NC Self Reliance Expo The Berkey Guy – (sponsor of the day) Fortress Defense Consultants – (sponsor of the day) Warrior Hike – (Official Site) Warrior Hike on Facebook Warrior Hike on Twitter Survival Lessons from the Aguan River Valley Remember to comment, chime in and tell us your thoughts, this podcast is one man’s opinion, not a lecture or sermon. Also please enter our listener appreciation contest and help spread the word about our show. Also remember you can call in your questions and comments to 866-65-THINK and you might hear yourself on the air.

Join Me Today as I Answer Your eMails It’s Monday and time for another round of you your feedback, questions and commentary sent to jack at thesurvivalpodcast.com. Make sure if you submit content for a feedback show that you put something like “comment for jack”, “question for jack” or “article for jack” in the subject line to assure proper identification for my screening process. Today we discuss the nationalizing retirement on the sly, forcing investor money into government bonds, the stages of an economic collapse, pockets of freedom, concealed carry and creating change in the world. Please understand I receive several hundred emails a day and can’t get them all on the air. I do put out a lot of information on Facebook from emails that I can’t fit on the program though so keep em coming. Join Me Today As I Respond to Your Emails On Have many 401Ks already been covertly “nationalized” How money market accounts are seen as a threat by the Federal Reserve What do the stages of an economic collapse look like What stage of collapse do you feel we are in right now What is a “pocket of freedom” in the world of alternative housing Another way to crack the over reach of government, honest prosecutors Young people with a message of how we can change the world Why an ideal higher then seems reasonable is what we need to achieve the best we are capable of Resources for Today’s Show… Members Support Brigade Join Our Forum TSP Copper Safecastle Royal – (sponsor of the day) Back Yard Food Production – (sponsor of the day) Be Part of Episode 1000 Meet Jack at the Hickory, NC Self Reliance Expo Fed Proposal for Money Market Accounts Could Hurt Savers After the Storm – Stages of Economic Collapse Pockets of Building and Construction Freedom Illinois Concealed Carry Ban Not Enforced In McLean County (for now) Message to Humanity – video I played at the end of today’s show Remember to comment, chime in and tell us your thoughts, this podcast is one man’s opinion, not a lecture or sermon. Also please enter our listener appreciation contest and help spread the word about our show. Also remember you can call in your questions and comments to 866-65-THINK and you might hear yourself on the air.

Join Me Today as I Answer Your Calls to 866-65-THINK Today I take your calls on sharing TSP, profiting during a depression, insuring debt with currency, weed control, information gathering, sun rooms vs. greenhouses, saving seeds, chop and drop  and more. Remember to be on a show like this one just pick up your phone and call 866-65-THINK. The best way to improve your chances of being on the air is ask your question or make your point up front, then provide details. Also please do your best to call from a quite area with a good connection and speak up so you can be well heard. I can’t put all calls on the air but I do my best to get most of them on. Join Me Today As I Respond to Your Calls and Discuss… Sharing TSP on jump drives, CDs, etc. Which sectors will do well in the recession What I mean when I say “currency insurance against a debt” A question about the meaning of one line in the theme song Dealing with weeds growing in the floor of a greenhouse Tricks and tactics for gathering information with the internet Thoughts on sun rooms vs green houses The how and why of saving seeds Thoughts on when to practice chop and drop to build soil Why iTunes updates are a day behind on your iphone Resources for today’s show… Members Support Brigade Join Our Forum TSP Copper MURS Radio – (sponsor of the day) Bulk Ammo – (sponsor of the day) Be Part of Episode 1000 Meet Jack at the Hickory, NC Self Reliance Expo Skills for Internet Research  Quick Tool To Set Up Google Alerts Burn Out II Organic Herbicide Concentrate Burn Out II Organic Herbicide Premixed Remember to comment, chime in and tell us your thoughts, this podcast is one man’s opinion, not a lecture or sermon. Also please enter our listener appreciation contest and help spread the word about our show. Also remember you can call in your questions and comments to 866-65-THINK and you might hear yourself on the air.  

A Pre Fab Mini Cabin at a BOL One of the more complex questions I was asked at Ben Falk’s PDC course was about a “long term bug out”, which I needed clarification on because it can mean so many things.  What the student meant turned out to be something very relevant for the TSP community so it has become the focus of today’s show. This person found themselves in a situation many of us face.  They have a job, not a super job but one that pays the bills.  Said job requires life in a city/town of some size and they want to be prepared to get out someday (by design or possibly by need).  They can or have already scraped up enough money to buy some raw land, say a few acres or more.  However this land has no house on it, no infrastructure, no utilities, etc. The question was given I have such a piece of land and can only put a few thousand a year into it, what should I be doing first and where should I be heading long term.  I partially answered this question at the evening fire though a proxy who explained all this, the student was apparently beat and went off to catch some sleep in his tent.   As I answered it I realized how much my answer had changed over the past 4 years and how some of it has stayed the same. Join Me Today to Discuss… Selecting a piece of land Distance from your permanent residence The consideration of climate Utility access Size of the property Surrounding community Ability to appear undisturbed The value of water The most critical infrastructure you can set up Ponds and swale structures Storage facilities Shelter Permanent plantings Taking it to a higher level Earth sheltered homes in the south Timber frame homes in the cool climates Water catchment for every roof like structure Island gardens for land locked homesteaders Design the end and work backwards Don’t kid yourself about what can or will be done Resources for Today’s Show… Members Support Brigade TSP Copper Join Our Forum Sawtooth Tactical – (sponsor of the day) Ready Made Resources – (sponsor of the day) Be Part of Episode 1000 Meet Jack at the Hickory, NC Self Reliance Expo Remember to comment, chime in and tell us your thoughts, this podcast is one man’s opinion, not a lecture or sermon. Also please enter our listener appreciation contest and help spread the word about our show. Also remember you can call in your questions and comments to 866-65-THINK and you might hear yourself on the air.

Join Me Today as I Answer Your eMails It’s time for another round of you your feedback, questions and commentary sent to jack at thesurvivalpodcast.com. Make sure if you submit content for a feedback show that you put something like “comment for jack”, “question for jack” or “article for jack” in the subject line to assure proper identification for my screening process. Today we discuss and more. Please understand I receive several hundred emails a day and can’t get them all on the air. I do put out a lot of information on Facebook from emails that I can’t fit on the program though so keep em coming. Join Me Today As I Respond to Your Emails On A Resources for Today’s Show… Members Support Brigade Join Our Forum TSP Copper Be Part of Episode 1000 Meet Jack at the Hickory, NC Self Reliance Expo Safecastle Royal – (sponsor of the day) Back Yard Food Production – (sponsor of the day) Remember to comment, chime in and tell us your thoughts, this podcast is one man’s opinion, not a lecture or sermon. Also please enter our listener appreciation contest and help spread the word about our show. Also remember you can call in your questions and comments to 866-65-THINK and you might hear yourself on the air.

Ben Falk of WholeSystemsDesign.com Ben Falk developed Whole Systems Design, as a land-based response to biological and cultural extinction and the increasing separation between people and elemental things. Life as a designer, builder, ecologist, tree-tender, and back country traveler continually informs Ben’s integrative approach to developing landscapes and buildings. His home landscape and the WSD studio site in Vermont’s Mad River Valley serve as a proving ground for the innovative land developments featured in the projects of Whole Systems Design. Ben has studied architecture and landscape architecture at the graduate level and holds a master’s degree in land-use planning and design. He has taught design courses at the University of Vermont and Harvard’s Arnold Arboretum as well as on permaculture design, microclimate design, and design for climate change. He serves on the Board of Directors and Faculty at the Yestermorrow Design-Build School. Ben joins us today to discuss developing a permaculture homestead and creating a permaculture design business. Additional Resources for Today’s Show Members Support Brigade TSP Copper Harvest Eating – (sponsor of the day) Free State Project – (sponsor of the day) Ben’s Links WholeSystemsDesign.com Photos of Whole Systems Design Site Location Workshops at Whole Systems Design Info on the Whole Systems Design PDC Whole Systems Design on Facebook Whole Systems Design on Twitter Whole Systems Design on YouTube Remember to comment, chime in and tell us your thoughts, this podcast is one man’s opinion, not a lecture or sermon. Also please enter our listener appreciation contest and help spread the word about our show. Also remember you can call in your questions and comments to 866-65-THINK and you might hear yourself on the air.