Smart People Podcast

Roman Krznaric: How to Find Fulfilling Work; founding faculty member of The School of Life in London. ONE MILLION DOWNLOADS AND COUNTING! That's right - in case you didn't see it on Facebook or twitter (@smartpeoplepod), Smart People Podcast (SPP) just passed the one million downloads threshold on Friday.  We then proceeded to pop some bubbly, have a quick cheers, and then.....we dove right into figuring out how we are going to make the next million even better. And believe me, with this week's episode, we got a GREAT jump on that goal. If you've listened to a few of our past episodes, you have probably seen a running theme throughout.  We here at SPP truly value passion, knowledge, education, and worldliness.  We believe that through expanding your mind, you can not only increase your happiness, but you can be more valuable to the world.  So that's what we set out to do every week.  This week we are going to help you find that passion, that fire. You will learn about how achieving a wide array of skills and experience can often times be more valuable than one specialty, despite people calling you a job hopper.  We also talk about how the education system continually forces kids into a box, stifling their creative capability.  But what if you like your job? What if you enjoy what you do on a day do day basis? That's great! But do you love it? Is it what you were put on earth for? Get ready to dive into the world of work, passion, and happiness this week as we interview Roman Krznaric.  Roman is a cultural thinker and writer on the art of living. He is a founding faculty member of The School of Life in London, which offers instruction and inspiration on the important questions of everyday life, and advises organisations including Oxfam and the United Nations on using empathy and conversation to create social change. He has been named by The Observer as one of Britain’s leading lifestyle philosophers. After growing up in Sydney and Hong Kong, he studied at the universities of Oxford, London and Essex, where he gained his PhD. He has taught sociology and politics at Cambridge University and City University, London, and has done human rights work in Central America with refugees and indigenous people.  His blog dedicated to empathy and the art of living, outrospection, has been featured in the media around the world. Over a quarter of a million people have watched his RSA Animate video The Power of Outrospection.

Jonah Berger - Assistant Professor of Marketing at the Wharton School, author of Contagious: Why Things Catch On. Do you remember the first time you heard the song "Friday" by Rebecca Black? I do - I f'ing hated it.  I also remember the first time someone told me to listen to "Gangnam Style" and "Thrift Shop".  Now consider this, one song is a teenagers attempt at a real pop song, the other is a satirical Korean dance song, and the last is a catchy yet snarky rap song done by the new Eminem - they couldn't be ANY different.  But what do they all have in common? You guessed it - they all EXPLODED onto the scene in the past year beyond anyone's wildest dreams. How is this possible? The truth is, we live in a crazy world where you just can't tell what's going to catch on, and what's not....or can you? This week's guest is here to tell you that there is a science, a REAL science, behind what goes viral and why.  You might be thinking, "Yeah, I'm pretty sure I've heard all of this before." Let us be the first to tell you - no, you haven't. Our guest this week is Jonah Berger.  Just to give you a sneak peek into how bold he is, here's a quote from his most recent interview with Fast Company magazine, "Fifty percent of 'The Tipping Point' is wrong.  My job is to show you which half." In an amazing episode, Jonah tells us how there are 6 core factors that determine if an idea, product, or item, is going to stick out of the crowd and achieve the "viral" status. You literally can't afford to miss out! Jonah Berger is the Assistant Professor of Marketing at the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. He has published dozens of articles in top-tier academic journals, and popular accounts of his work have appeared in places like The New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, Science,Harvard Business Review, Wired, BusinessWeek, and Fast Company. His research has also been featured in The New York Times Magazine’s annual “Year in Ideas” issue. Berger has been recognized with awards for both scholarship and teaching, including being named Wharton’s “Iron Prof.” At Wharton, he teaches an elective called Contagious: How Products, Behaviors, and Ideas Catch On.

Dr. Paul Ruggieri - Author of Confessions of a Surgeon "Now I want you to count back from ten.  10...9...8....." And that's all you remember.  Sure you might be a little sore, groggy or confused - but for the most part, you felt nothing. However, during that time, your mass is removed, your knee is repaired, your failing heart is mended.  Thanks to perhaps the most important medical discovery of all time, anesthesia, what happens behind operating room doors often remains a mystery. As you will learn from seasoned surgeon, Dr. Paul Ruggieri, the operating room is a fascinating place, filled with intensity, insanity, and intrigue.  It is a place where mere mortals are often raised to a god-like status, and every decision can mean the difference between life and death.  Join us as Dr. Ruggieri reveals what actually goes on, when the patient's lights go out! Dr. Paul Ruggieri is a practicing general surgeon and author. Throughout his active twenty year career, Dr. Ruggieri has held department of surgery chairman positions at several community hospitals.  He has also been a clinical instructor at Harvard Medical School.  Dr. Ruggieri graduated from Georgetown University School of Medicine and completed his surgical training at Barnes Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine.  He subsequently served three years on active duty, the last as department of surgery chairman, in the United States Army. BONUS MATERIAL: 

David Shenk - Bestselling author of 6 books, including his most recent, The Genius in All of Us: New Insights into Genetics, Talent, and IQ. Tune in to this weeks episode to learn how to unleash your inner genius, conquer your genetic shortcomings, and be the best at anything. But trust us, it ain't easy. Don't get mad at your parents because you have no athletic ability.  Don't curse your dad because he's tone deaf and that's why you can't sing - or your mom because she can't draw a stick figure and that's why you aren't an artist.  As we learn this week, the actual genes passed down to you are but a small fraction of what is needed to achieve greatness. For decades people believed that amazing talent is the result of hitting the genetic lottery.  However, we are now beginning to understand that this couldn't be further from the truth.  You might be the strange love child of Andre Agassi and Serena Williams, but that far from guarantees you are going to be a great tennis player.  As a matter of fact, as we learn this week, if the above mentioned love child, let's call her Andrena, was adopted by an amish couple from rural Pennsylvania, there is almost zero chance she would ever become any type of professional athlete. The point I'm trying to make here is that we can now prove with near certainty that genes are merely a jumping off point that helps determine where our true strengths lie.  Much more important factors are things like where we are born, how we are raised, and what opportunities are available.   And perhaps the most important factor, is how hard you are willing to try. Our guest this week is author, scholar, and speaker, David Shenk.  David is the award-winning and national-bestselling author of six books, including The Genius in All of Us, The Forgetting, Data Smog, and The Immortal Game. He is a popular lecturer, a short-film director, and a contributor to TheAtlantic.com. He has contributed to National Geographic, Slate, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Gourmet, Harper's, Spy, The New Yorker, NPR, and PBS. BONUS MATERIAL:

Joe Peta - Author of Trading Bases: A Story About Wall Street, Gambling, and Baseball I'm not even going to butter you up this time, trust me - you would rather just dive in. You'll understand once I give you a little background on our guest for this weeks episode, Joe Peta. A few years ago, Joe was sitting high on the hog as an extremely successful Wall Street trader. He was living the dream. He had a great gig, he was making solid coin, and he had a great family to go home to every night. Then one lazy Sunday afternoon, Joe steps out onto a not-so-busy New York City street and WHAM - plowed over by an ambulance. Now, I know what you're thinking, so let me just get it out of the way. No - the ambulance was not on a call, it just made the turn a little carelessly. And yes, Joe was in the crosswalk. Joe would make it out of the accident without any life threatening injuries, but his pelvis was shattered and walking again was not a certainty. As Joe recovered over the next year, he spent a lot of time laid up on the couch. It was during this time that he rekindled his love of baseball. Determined to make chicken soup out of chicken shit, Joe put his analytical mind to the game of baseball and came up with a numerical model that would predict the outcome of each game. I don't want to spoil the story...but Joe's model kicked ass. He ended up moving to Vegas for the 2012 baseball season to put his money where his model was to see if he could beat the odds. Joe then chronicled his adventures in his brand new book Trading Bases: A Story About Wall Street, Gambling, and Baseball (Not Necessarily in That Order). Tune in this week as we talk with Joe Peta about his wild ride.

Daniel Pink - AMAZING! One of the most watched TED Talks of all time.  Author of five provocative bestselling books about the changing world of work, including his most recent, To Sell is Human. Good to have you back! If you haven't noticed, Smart People Podcast has been getting some real recognition these days! We recently ranked as high as #10 on iTunes overall and had a nice little reign as #1 in education for a couple of weeks.  Why am I telling you this? Well aside from pure excitement, I'm telling you this because I think after this weeks episode, there is a chance we go even higher.  This might just be, THE BEST interview and guest we have ever had on.  I know, I know - if you've followed the show for a while, that's a big claim.  But trust me, we cover a lot of ground this week as we sit down with one of my favorite authors! I first found Dan Pink when I read, Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us. This book spoke directly to me. If you've ever wondered why your job feels so unfulfilling, this book can give some terrific insight.  In essence, Dan posits that humans seek 3 fundamental things in order to feel motivated: Autonomy: People want to have control over their work. Mastery: People want to get better at what they do. Purpose: People want to be part of something that is bigger than they are. Dan gives a great summary of his book in one of the most watched TED talks of all time - you can watch the video below: After reading Drive, I caught up on Dan's first 3 books, as I eagerly awaited the release of his most recent best seller, To Sell is Human: The Surprising Truth About Moving Others. My favorite takeaway here is that sales no longer needs to be considered a four letter word.  Although the idea of a salesman might conjure up images of cheap suits and used cars, Dan explains in convincing fashion, that those days are long gone.  In a world of information overload, the seller and buyer stand on the same base of knowledge, so the slick sale has given way to relationship building and value add - things that we can all get behind. I could go on and on, but instead I'll let you move on to an amazing episode. Dan received a Bachelor's degree from Northwestern University, where he was a Truman Scholar. He later received a Juris Doctor (JD) from Yale Law School, where he served as editor-in-chief of The Yale Law & Policy Review - although he is quick to point out, he has never practiced law.  Prior to becoming an author, Dan worked for Vice President Al Gore in the capacity of chief speechwriter.              

Marlene Zuk - author of Paleofantasy, professor of ecology Unless you've been living in a cave (best....pun....ever), you are probably well aware of the new fad diet, the paleo diet. The quick and dirty of the diet is you can eat anything that was available to our cave dwelling ancestors. So chow down on all of the fish, meat, fungi and earthworms you want, but you better stay away from anything that came after man found a hoe. The thought process is, given that evolution is an extremely slow process, our modern day bodies just aren't meant to consume any food that is a result of agriculture or processing. It's a comforting and nostalgic thought.... with one little problem - it's total crap. Evolution isn't all that slow. For example, the ability to digest milk is a recent evolutionary accomplishment - not a science experiment gone wrong. Plus, most of the caveman diet consisted of anything they could find. So unless you're eating bugs, grass, berries and the very occasional wooly mammoth, you're not really doing it right at all! But food isn't the only thing we think was better off way back when, what about sex? As I so candidly ask in this episode, what about the fact that we now force ourselves into monogamous relationships when really, evolutionarily speaking, we are meant to go spread our seed? I mean, after all we are just primates that managed to climb out of the trees. Not so fast says Professor Zuk. Learn about our historical sex lives, appetite, and more in this week's episode. Dr. Marlene Zuk is an author, as well as a professor of ecology, evolution and behavior at the University of Minnesota. Her most recent book is titled Paleofantasy: What Evolution Really Tells Us about Sex, Diet, and How We Live. Make sure to subscribe to us on iTunes and leave a comment if you enjoy our free podcast!

Venkatesh Rao: Author of Tempo: timing, tactics and strategy in narrative-driven decision-making & independent researcher. How many decisions do you think you make in a day? What about an hour? Well, if you want to do the math - go ahead, because all I know is you make about 1,400 decisions a MINUTE.  With that many decisions to be made, how do we ever get anything done? Lucky for us, our brain is a magical blob.  Our subconscious makes approximately 90% of our daily decisions, freeing us up to really think hard about the other important 10%.  Which is important.  For example, if you're running down the street and all of a sudden a car comes flying around the corner right at you, I don't think you want to be wasting time deciding which foot goes in front of the other, how fast to move, how to breathe, etc.  Most likely you ONLY want to ask yourself, "How the F do I get out of the way of this thing!" Which is great, but it's also scary.  We like to feel like we are in control, like we think things through - but science tells us otherwise.  This week we discover the decision making process, what we can learn from robots, and how you catch a ball... among other things. Venkatesh Rao is an author and independent researcher.  He writes a popular blog at ribbonfarm.com. Tempo grew out of themes originally explored on ribbonfarm. He earned his PhD in aerospace engineering, in systems and control theory, from the University of Michigan in 2003. He has worked in startup, university, and large enterprise environments. Currently, Venkat’s interests are in the areas of decision-making, narrative and metaphor, social psychology, the future of technological society, aging infrastructure issues, and globalization.

Dan Carlin - Host of the Hardcore History and Common Sense podcasts, Political Commentator New media is coming for us.  Well, if you are reading this, it already came for you - so congratulations on being ahead of the curve.  New media is supposed to be the "democratization" of the creation, production, distribution and consumption of media by the masses.  It's a way to level the playing field, to take down the big dogs, to help David beat Goliath, to.....well, you get the idea.  The thing that's crazy is, I can't believe there isn't MORE interest in new media.  Think about it, why does anyone listen to the radio anymore?  Now you can just tune in to awesome podcasts with limited to no advertisements, pause and resume at your leisure, and pick your topic! I guess that's why we got into this in the first place, to try to be stewards of this new media movement.  Well I'm not here to talk to you about podcasts, I'll leave that up to someone who's much better at it than I! Welcome to the show, the host of the very popular podcast, Hardcore History, Mr. Dan Carlin. Dan is an American political commentator, historian, and podcaster.  As I mentioned, his most famous show, Hardcore History is a great show about interesting historical topics.  His other show is titled, Common Sense and this is Dan's place to discuss all things political.  Come join us nerd out about podcast, new media, and some other great stuff with one of the industry bests.

Stefan Molyneux - Philosopher, host of Freedomain Radio When you take a stance on something, you're bound to have those on the other side that try to take you down.  In fact, many people believe, that if you aren't making enemies, then you aren't saying anything substantial.  Well, if you believe this to be true, then you have to tune in this week.  For example, what's your stance on spanking your child? How about taxation or property rights? Gun control? Yeah, pretty heavy topics - and all of which get covered in this week's episode as we speak with philosopher Stefan Molyneux. Now I have to admit, and I say it to Stefan during our interview, I didn't want to like him or his point of view.  First off, he's often described as a libertarian, which in itself carries all types of negative connotations. On top of that, he has a point of view on everything...and that usually irks me about people.  But the thing is (and you'll probably agree after listening), Stefan takes the approach that most could only dream of.  He's pragmatic, intelligent, well spoken, and non confrontational - not things you normally attribute to someone who makes a living publicly taking sides on all of the hot buttons of the world.  Truly an eye opening interview. Stefan Molyneux is a philosopher, writer, and the host of Freedomain Radio. He has worked as a software entrepreneur and executive, co-founded a successful company, and worked for many years as a Chief Technical Officer. He studied literature, history, economics, and philosophy at York University, hold an undergraduate degree in History from McGill University, and earned a graduate degree from the University of Toronto, focusing on the history of philosophy. He admittedly tries to avoid opinions and instead talk about proof and rationality. You can see Stefan's video of the interview here:

Alex Stone - Magician, writer, speaker I don't know about you, but growing up I had this hilarious $10 magic set.  It came with some weird squishy ball, a few metal rings, some cards, a cape, and of course.... a wand.  Thinking back, I don't know how my parents even sat through my poor attempt at a magic show for longer than 5 minutes, but I guess that's not the point.  When it's YOUR kid, everything is cute...right?  Anyway, that hobby lasted all of a few weeks and I was on to the next.  This is how it goes for many young boys - but not Alex Stone.  When Alex was 5 years old, his dad bought him a magic set (probably a lot like mine); however, this wasn't just a passing phase for Alex.  He kept up his craft, well into adulthood where he would one day take a shot at the magic Olympics! Yup, that's right - there is seriously a magic Olympics.  The fact that Alex literally got kicked off the stage doesn't much matter.  What matters is that in his magic journey (see what I just did there) Alex learned a lot about the human mind, it's weaknesses, and how to exploit them.  Because this is what the best  magicians in the world can do.  They can make you believe you see things that you don't, and they can make you remember things that never happened.  As Alex puts it, "magic at its core is about toying with the limits of perception." Sounds pretty cool huh? Come join us this week as we make your questions disappear (too much?). Alex's newest book, Fooling Houdini was named one of Amazon's top 10 non-fiction books of 2012.  Stone has written for Harper’s, Discover, Science, and the Wall Street Journal. He graduated from Harvard University with a degree in English and has a masters degree in physics from Columbia University. He grew up in Wisconsin, Texas, and Spain. He currently lives in New York City. Check out more about Alex at his blog.

Marty Cagan - Expert on all things product, founding partner of the Silicon Valley Product Group If you have ever thought about creating or inventing ANYTHING....seriously listen to this episode. How many 'products' do you think you use in a day?  Even if you just look at a small subset of your day, the list gets expansive.  Take your morning routine for example.  You probably use an alarm clock, a toothbrush, a towel, deodorant (hopefully) - the list goes on and on.  Hell, I can't even add up how many products I use in my hair (BOOM, roasted....myself).  Now consider this.  These are just physical products.  But there is also another set of products that you probably didn't even think of.  These are the products that my trusty sidekick Roach tends to focus his time on.  These are software products such as the Twitters, Facebooks, eBays, and Gmails of the world.  And it's safe to assume that nearly every product, both physical and the opposite of physical (sorry - it's been a long day) has gone through some product management lifecycle.  A process that the end users often take for granted. Somewhere along the line, the creator or creators of said product asked themselves questions such as, will people buy this, how do I make it, what should it look like.  These are very important questions that can ultimately determine the success or failure of entire companies. That's why companies pay our guest this week a lot of money to make sure they get it right. Marty Cagan is a founding partner of the Silicon Valley Product Group, where he helps companies create winning product strategies and develop the skills of their product organization as well as the techniques they use to create successful products. During the past 20 years, Marty has served as an executive responsible for defining and building products for some of the most successful companies in the world. He was most recently senior vice-president of product management and design for eBay, where he was responsible for defining products and services for the company's global e-commerce trading site. Prior to that, Marty was vice-president of product at AOL and Netscape Communications, and a software engineer at HP Labs.  Marty wrote an awesome book that dives into product management titled, Inspired: How to Create Products That Customers Love. 

Sydney Finkelstein - Steven Roth Professor of Management at Dartmouth, author, expert on strategy and leadership. Businesses fail all the time.  Such is the nature of the beast.  It's survival of the fittest, healthy competition, may the best man win.  So you would think, when the cream rises to the top and a company takes over the thrown, it's going to stay there a while.  The rationale goes, whoever led you to the mountain top, can easily keep you there.  All-star executive teams are put in place and every guru, ninja, and consultant is at your disposal.  The logic seems sound to me.  But if this were the case, why is it that so many companies fall so far, so fast? At an alarming rate, a company will be anointed the golden child of an industry one year, and the laughing stock the next.  What gives? It turns out that success may in fact "go to your head" (cough...Tiger Woods...cough... Petraeus...Clinton...Armstrong). But we aren't here to pick on athletes and politicians - we already knew those guys are all messed up.  We are talking about big time execs such as Jill Barred at Mattel, Dennis Kozlowski at Tyco, Jean Marie Messier at Vivendi, Robert Pitman at AOL Time Warner, Wolfgang Schmitt at Rubbermaid, and yes, Mark Zuckerberg of the evil empire (be sure to check us out on Facebook though!). Our guest this week is Dr. Sydney Finkelstein, author of the bestselling book, Why Smart Executives Fail: And What You Can Learn from Their Mistakes.  Our conversation with Dr. Finkelstein revolves a lot around what makes a great executive, what makes those same executives fail miserably, and how can we prevent these mistakes in our own lives.  There are definitely patterns of behavior that you want to steer clear of, especially if you see them at a company you are considering working for. Plus, there's nothing more fun them some good old fashion hater-aid on rich, old, white guys running companies! Dr. Finkelstein is a true genius in his own right.  He is the Steven Roth Professor of Management at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth. He teaches executive education and serves as the Faculty Director of the flagship Tuck Executive Program. He holds degrees from Concordia University and the London School of Economics, as well as a Ph.D. from Columbia University in strategic management.  Professor Finkelstein has published 11 books and over 60 articles.

Brandon (BJ) Mendelson - Author of Social Media is Bullshit If you are one of the lucky few that has thousands upon thousands of twitter followers, congratulations....it means nothing.  Your company has 50,000 facebook likes? Sorry, but they only did it for the coupon you offered them.  You post the most amazing infographics on Pinterest? Well - that's cool... I'm not sick of Pinterest yet.  But have you ever stopped to ask yourself why?  Why do you put SO much effort into crafting this web of social media interaction? At its core, social media can be a fairly useful community tool.  You can get quick updates from friends you would have otherwise lost touch with.  You can get up to the second news from anywhere across the globe.  You can even get an endless stream of baby pictures, baby stories, baby advice, baby videos and baby articles.  On that note, PLEASE stop posting all things baby on Facebook. No one thinks your kid is as cute as you do.  The point is, I truly believe the original intent of the social media revolution was to increase our connectivity.  But then big business got their grubby little hands on our virtual community and they mind f*#ked us into thinking it was a revolution in marketing and we all got scared we were going to miss the boat. To find out what I mean, you are going to have to listen to the interview, but I'll leave you with these thoughts.  In the gold rush of 1849, who made all the money? It wasn't the guys digging for gold, it was the guys selling the shovels.  In the tech bubble at the end of the 20th century, who made all the money? Not the guy who invested in PSINet, Webvan, Pets.com, Nortel Networks, etc.  It was the investment bankers, executives, traders, and guys selling advice.  In the real estate bubble that burst in 2008, who made all the money? Not the guy who refinanced his house 3 times.  Hell - he's lucky to still HAVE his house.  It was the brokers that were telling you how it was both a great time to buy AND a great time to sell (I mean hey, commission is commission!). As with any fad, you have to be skeptical about where you get your information.  With this one, we have listened to the media tell us how great the ....well....media is.  So before you go spending your hard earned marketing budget on social media gurus, ninjas, experts, consultants, or whatever the newest term might be - listen to this episode of smart people podcast. Our guest is Brandon (B.J.) Mendelson, former marketer turned journalist and social critic.  His new book, Social Media is Bullshit sheds a new light on the social media craze and tells you the right AND wrong ways to utilize all of the social media tools.  He has contributed to The Huffington Post, CNN, MTV’s O Music Awards, Mashable, Forbes, the Eisner-nominated ComicsAlliance, and other national outlets. The Facebook book Brandon mention during the interview is called The Facebook Effect: The Inside Story of the Company That Is Connecting the World 

Brian Orend, Ph.D. - philosopher, professor, author, speaker "War, huh - yeah, what is it good for? Absolutely nothing" - Edwin Starr (Lyrics to the song WAR) War is good for absolutely nothing. People die, civilizations are destroyed, earth is scorched, humanity is tarnished.  It should be avoided at all costs. Why can't we all just get along.......right? Not so fast.  Did you know there is actually an entire theory that goes back thousands of years that outlines when a war may be considered just.  It's called....well...just war theory.  At it's core, just war theorists combine both a moral abhorrence towards war with a readiness to accept that war may sometimes be necessary. It's weird to think about war being necessary.  I have always considered myself to be somewhat of a pacifist, sometimes even entertaining the idea of being a hippy (without the smelly hair).  However, I still remember watching two planes fly into the twin towers and saying out loud, "someone is going to pay for this, we are at war."  I then rejoiced upon hearing the news of the killing of Osama Bin Laden.  So much for that pacifism, huh? The thing is, war is ugly; it does bring out the worst in us.  But it is also a part of us.  It has been around since the first tribes stumbled upon each other and it will be here up until the last tribe is wiped off of this planet (or any other planet we inhabit).  Some may say we are a nation of warmongers and we are too quick to engage in violence.  At first glance, it may seem they are on to something.  We sure like to throw the term around.  We have the war on drugs, the war on terror, the war on obesity...the list goes on and on.  But no matter how hard we try to escape it, war is a fact of life, so we might as well try to understand it. This week we talk Professor Brian Orend.  Orend is the author of the book, The Morality of War, which is considered to be "the single most comprehensive and important book on just war for this generation." It is a required textbook at universities, and military academics throughout the world.  Orend is the Director of International Studies, and a Professor of Philosophy, at the University of Waterloo in Canada. His Ph.D. is from Columbia University in New York City. He has taught at Columbia, Waterloo, and the University of Lund in Sweden. He has delivered hundreds of invited lectures around the world. Orend is an active, award-winning writer and public speaker. He focuses on three topics: 1) war and peace; 2) human rights; and 3) happiness. He is perhaps best-known for his work on “justice after war”, i.e., the ethics of post-war reconstruction.