War Studies

Date of Recording: 04/04/2019 Description: Ofer Fridman and Vitaly Kabernik will present their new book Hybrid Conflicts and Information Warfare: New Labels, Old Politics. Chair: Prof. David Betz What is Hybrid Warfare? And what role does Information play in today’s conflicts? In the context of the technological/information revolution of the last two decades―which has greatly amplified the danger posed by nonmilitary means of political struggle―Hybrid Conflicts and Information Warfare addresses these questions from the perspectives of both Western and Russian experts. Incorporating both theory and contemporary realities, including the case of the Islamic State, the authors offer a unique dialogue on the nature of conflict in the second decade of the twenty-first century. Speaker Bios: Ofer Fridman is Director of Operations at the King's Centre for Strategic Communications (KCSC) and Lecturer at the Department of War Studies, King's College London. Vitaly Kabernik is Senior Expert at the Centre for Military-Political Research at Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO) and Fellow Expert at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and PIR Centre.

Date of Recording: 01/04/2019 Description: Over the past decade, renewable energy has expanded at breakneck speed, surpassing all expectations. Installed capacity and production from all renewable sources have increased substantially across the globe and some 180 countries have renewable energy targets in one form or another. While few predicted such growth, the fundamental drivers that contributed to this momentum seem to always have been clear: energy security considerations following economic and supply crises, climate change and yes, generous subsidy schemes, particularly in OECD states. Yet, despite this monumental expansion – renewable energy accounted for 70% of net additions to global power capacity in 2017 – global carbon emissions still rose by some 1.5% in the same year. Germany, the oft-heralded poster-child for tackling climate change, has hardly made a dent in reducing its carbon emissions since the announcement of its Energiewende in 2011. Indeed, it is set to spectacularly miss its goals for reducing carbon emissions by the year 2020 despite having tens of billions of Euros annually to increase the share of its renewable energy in power production to currently 38%. Proponents of renewable energy argue that most of the focus up-to-date has been placed on the electricity sector with more needing to be done in the heating, cooling and transport sectors, which are lagging behind the power sector and yet constitute the bulk of global energy demand. Critics, on the other hand, assert that a more balanced approach is necessary to maximize carbon reductions, including a more efficient allocation of capital into other low-carbon energy sources and climate-mitigating technologies. In addition, they claim that there is an inconvenient truth when it comes to “green” solar and wind technologies: they require fossil fuels to build in the first place. Aluminum, steel, concrete, copper - all crucial substrates of PV and wind technologies - require fossil fuels (usually coal) to be burned for production. This energy talk will seek to clarify some of these questions and examine various scenarios regarding the current and future role of renewables in achieving climate security. Speakers: -Professor Dr. Friedbert Pflüger, Director, EUCERS, King’s College London -Mr. Felix Dane, Director UK & Ireland, Konrad Adenauer Foundation -Mr. Peter Mather, Group Regional President, Europe and Head of Country, UK BP -Mr. Thomas Krupke, CEO, Clere AG and former CEO of Solon SE -Dr Frank Umbach, Research Direction, EUCERS, King's College London

Date of recording: 20 Mar 2019 Description: 'European Navies and the Conduct of War' considered the different contexts within which European navies operated over a period of 500 years culminating in World War Two, the greatest war ever fought at sea. Taking predominately continental point of view, the book moves away from the typically British-centric approach taken in naval history as it considers the role of European navies in the development of modern warfare, from its medieval origins to the large-scale, industrial, total war of the twentieth century. Along with the growth in navies as instruments of war, the book also explores the long rise of the political and popular appeal of navies, from the princes of late medieval Europe, to the enthusiastic crowds that greeted the modern fleets of the great powers, followed by their reassessment through the great trial by combat, firmly placing the development of modern navies into the broader history of the period. Speakers: Alan James is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of War Studies and a member of the Laughton Naval History Unit. He has written widely on France, and its navy, including The Navy and Government in Early Modern France, 1572-1661. Carlos Alfaro Zaforteza is a Teaching Fellow in the Department of War Studies. He is the author of a number of essays and articles on naval warfare and a member of the Strategic Leadership Project, a joint venture of the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (Madrid) and Instituto Espanol de Estudios Estategicos (Madrid). Malcolm Murfett is a Visiting Professor in the Department of War Studies and an Associate Editor of the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. He has written a number of books on British foreign and defence policy in Asia and is the author of Naval Warfare 1919-1945.

Date of Recording: 19 Feb 2019 Description: Book Launch 'Spying for Wellington: British Military Intelligence in the Peninsular War' - Dr Huw Davies Intelligence is often a critical factor in a successful military campaign. This was certainly the case for Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington, in the Peninsular War. In this book, author Huw J. Davies offers the first full account of the scope, complexity, and importance of Wellington's intelligence department, describing a highly organized, multifaceted series of networks of agents and spies throughout Spain and Portugal--an organization that is at once a microcosm of British intelligence at the time and a sophisticated forebear to intelligence developments in the twentieth century. Spying for Wellington shows us an organization that was, in effect, two parallel networks: one made up of Foreign Office agents "run" by British ambassadors in Spain and Portugal, the other comprising military spies controlled by Wellington himself. The network of agents supplied strategic intelligence, giving the British army advance warning of the arrival, destinations, and likely intentions of French reinforcements. The military network supplied operational intelligence, which confirmed the accuracy of the strategic intelligence and provided greater detail on the strengths, arms, and morale of the French forces. Davies reveals how, by integrating these two forms of intelligence, Wellington was able to develop an extremely accurate and reliable estimate of French movements and intentions not only in his own theater of operations but also in other theaters across the Iberian Peninsula. The reliability and accuracy of this intelligence, as Davies demonstrates, was central to Wellington's decision-making and, ultimately, to his overall success against the French. Correcting past, incomplete accounts, this is the definitive book on Wellington's use of intelligence. As such, it contributes to a clearer, more comprehensive understanding of Wellington at war and of his place in the history of British military intelligence. Speaker bio: Dr Huw J Davies is a Senior Lecturer in Defence Studies, and has been a member of the department since March 2005. He is currently Deputy Dean of Academic Studies (Education) and the Academic Course Director for the Advanced Command and Staff Course. Dr Davies gained his PhD from the University of Exeter in 2006, and, in addition to numerous articles on Napoleonic military history, his first book, entitled Wellington’s Wars: The Making of a Military Genius, was published by Yale University Press in 2012. His area of research focuses on the activities of the British Army between 1750 and 1850. As a result, he has conducted research in the United States, India, Pakistan and Australia, as well as in archives in Europe. Dr Davies has also held fellowships at the University of Michigan, the Huntington Library in California and at Yale University.

Date of Publication: 16 March 2019 Description: What is the future of security and development in an uncertain world? On the 7th and 8th of March, students from KCL’s Conflict Security and Development (CSD) MA course in the Dept. of War Studies and students from the International Development Department in the School of Global Affairs held the 2019 student-led CSD titled ‘Building Stability: Security and Development futures in an uncertain world’ to address this very question. For this conference, students brought together rich and diverse panels of practitioners and experts from government, academia, and the private sector to address many topics and key debates around the future of security and development in fragile states, ranging from private investment and resilience building to the functionality of multilateral organisations and the role of state actors. In this edition of the War Studies podcasts we are going to hear from CSD MA candidate and conference co-chair Andrea Naranjo and the CSD programme director Prof Mats Berdal about this year’s student-led conference. ______________________________ For more information and news on upcoming events, please visit our website at kcl.ac.uk/warstudies.

Date of Recording: 25 Feb 2019 Description: Returning to the UK in September 2010 after serving in Iraq as the political adviser to the top American general, Emma Sky felt no sense of homecoming. She soon found herself back in the Middle East, traveling through a region in revolt. In A Time of Monsters bears witness to the demands of young people for dignity and justice during the Arab Spring; the inability of sclerotic regimes to reform; the descent of Syria into civil war; the rise of the Islamic State; and the flight of refugees to Europe. With deep empathy for its people and an extensive understanding of the Middle East, Sky makes a complex region more comprehensible. A great storyteller and observational writer, Sky also reveals the ties that bind the Middle East to the West and how blowback from our interventions in the region contributed to the British vote to leave the European Union and to the election of Donald Trump as president of the United States. Speaker Bio: Emma Sky is a Senior Fellow at Yale University's Jackson Institute. She worked in the Middle East for twenty years and was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services in Iraq. she is the author of the critically acclaimed The Unravelling: High Hopes and Missed Opportunities in Iraq. She lives in New Haven, Connecticut.

Date of Publication: 2/03/2019 Description: What are Extralegal groups in the context of post-conflict societies? How can trade play a role in state building? And how do we define a ‘good’ state? These are just a few questions we discussed with Dr Christine Cheng, Lecturer in the DWS and author of the recent book, Extralegal groups in post-conflict Liberia: How trade makes the state’. In her latest book, Dr Cheng writes, ‘Where the state is weak and political authority is contested, where rule of law is corrupted and government distrust runs deep, extralegal groups can provide order and dispute resolution, forming the basic kernel of the state.’ Drawing on fieldwork and socio-historical analysis, Dr. Cheng explains how extralegal groups were incentivized to provide basic forms of governance as they attempted to form a stable commercial environment during Liberia’s transition from war to peace. Her recent book has highlighted many important questions around state formation and how the West should approach post-conflict societies. Bio: Christine Cheng is Lecturer in War Studies at King’s College London. Her research on post-conflict transitions sits at the intersection of international relations and comparative politics (with a focus on the politics of West Africa). Dr Cheng is the co-editor of Corruption and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: Selling the Peace? (with Dominik Zaum). Her forthcoming book on Extralegal Groups (Oxford University Press) explores how ex-combatants affected statebuilding processes after the end of civil war in Liberia. It will be published by Oxford University Press. Christine is the Course Director for the MA in Conflict, Security, and Development (CSD), and she is affiliated with King's Centre for Politics, Philosophy, and Law, and King's Gender Studies. Christine holds a DPhil from Oxford (Nuffield College) and an MPA from Princeton University (Woodrow Wilson School). Previously, she was the Bennett Boskey Fellow in Politics at Exeter College, University of Oxford. In 2009, she was the Cadieux-Léger Fellow at Canada's Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Christine has an undergraduate degree in systems design engineering (BASc) from the University of Waterloo. She has worked for the UN Commission on Human Security, the World Bank's Gender Group, Environment Canada, and the Wildlife Conservation Society. She is a commentator on international affairs for a variety of media outlets including the BBC, the Wall Street Journal, al Jazeera, Radio France International, and Real Clear World. Christine serves as the faculty advisor for the CSD Annual Conference, as well as the student-run Strife blog and journal. She blogs at christinescottcheng.wordpress.com and tweets @cheng_christine. Extralegal groups: https://christinescottcheng.wordpress.com/extralegal-groups/ ________________________ For more news and information on upcoming events, please visit our website at kcl.ac.uk/warstudies _________________________ This podcast was produced by Kirk Allen (Twitter: @_KirkAllen)

Descritpion: Over the past 70 years, more than one million troops from more than 110 nations have participated in 70 UN peacekeeping missions. It is a remarkable achievement, but at a time when multilateral institutions are increasingly asked to justify their relevance, the future of peace operations is less certain. The global order is changing and this uncertainty has profound implications on the world’s biggest international organisation and its flagship activity. This roundtable generates a discussion about UN approaches to peace by analysing challenges and opportunities that the UN is facing in the changing global order. Participants will collectively grapple with the following dilemmas: How is the rebalancing of relations between states of the global North and the global South impacting UN decision making? How is the rise of regional organisations as providers of peace impacting the primacy of UN peace operations? How have violent extremism and fundamentalist non-state actors changed the nature of international responses and what does this mean for previously advanced longer-term approaches to conflict resolution? How are demands from non-state actors for greater emphasis on human security impacting the UN’s credibility, and is the UN even able to prioritise people-centered approaches over state-centered ones? Speaker bios: Mats Berdal is Professor of Security and Development in the Department of War Studies and Director of the Conflict, Security and Development Research Group (CSDRG) at King’s College London. Between 2000 and 2003 he was the Director of Studies at the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS). From 2015 to 2016, Berdal served on the Norwegian Commission of Inquiry on Afghanistan set up to evaluate Norway’s military, humanitarian, and civilian involvement in Afghanistan between 2001 and 2014. Cedric de Coning is a Senior Research Fellow with the Peace, Conflict and Development Research Group at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI), where he also co-convenes the NUPI Center on UN and Global Governance. He is also a Senior Advisor for the African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) and he has served in various advisory positions in the African Union and United Nations, including to the High Representative of the African Union Peace Fund, the head of the AU’s Peace Support Operations Division, and on the UN Secretary-General’s Peacebuilding Fund Advisory Group. He holds a PhD in Applied Ethics from the Department of Philosophy at the University of Stellenbosch in South Africa. Ian Martin was the Executive Director of Security Council Report in New York from 2015 to 2018. He served as a member of the High Level Independent Panel on Peace Operations (HIPPO) appointed by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, which reported in June 2015. He has headed United Nations missions in several countries, most recently as Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General for Libya and head of the UN Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) 2011-12. His previous senior UN appointments include Head of the Headquarters Board of Inquiry into certain incidents in the Gaza Strip; Special Representative of the Secretary-General in Nepal; Special Envoy for Timor-Leste. Mateja Peter is Lecturer at University of St. Andrews, where she co-directs the Centre for Global Constitutionalism. She is also Senior Research Fellow at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI). Peter obtained her PhD from Cambridge University and subsequently held post-doctoral positions at research institutes in Washington, Berlin and Oslo. Her recent peer-reviewed articles appear in Third World Quarterly, Global Governance, and Cambridge Review of International Affairs. Peter works at the intersection of international relations and law, researching on global governance and international organisations, peace operations and peacebuilding.

Date of Recording: 21/02/2019 Description: Genocide and crimes against humanity are the quintessential international crimes. Our understandings of these terms continue to evolve, the result of judicial and political initiatives. Recent developments in international case law and ongoing work to develop a crimes against humanity convention will be reviewed. Speaker bio: Professor William A. Schabas is a professor of international law at Middlesex University in London. He is also professor of international human law and human rights at Leiden University, emeritus professor of human rights law at the National University of Ireland Galway and honorary chairman of the Irish Centre for Human Rights, invited visiting scholar at the Paris School of International Affairs (Sciences Politiques), honorary professor at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in Beijing, visiting fellow of Kellogg College of the University of Oxford, visiting fellow of Northumbria University, and professeur associé at the Université du Québec à Montréal. ____________________________ For more news and information on upcoming events, please visit our website at kcl.ac.uk/security-studies

Date of publication: 12/02/2019 Description: Researchers and students of war and global security often look to the past to better understand developments in the present. So, how might the history of Nuclear weapons help us understand today’s security challenges?   The advent of nuclear weapons caused a significant shift in the perceived cost of war between great powers due to the sheer power of nuclear arsenals. In turn, the unacceptable risk and danger of nuclear war necessitated the establishment of many international treaties that seek to prevent the use, proliferation and spread of nuclear weapons, along with providing a route to eventual disarmament. Many of the multilateral and bilateral treaties developed during the Cold War era, such as the 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), which currently has 190 state parties with North Korea’s withdrawal, and the 1987 Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) treaty between Russia and the US, which has recently been suspended by both parties, are still at the centre of many salient debates and international security challenges today. The relevance of these treaties in contemporary debate is one reason why the history of nuclear weapons and related treaties is important for understanding and contextualising contemporary issues.   Recognising the relevance of nuclear history, the Centre for Science and Security Studies (CSSS) brought together a panel of its experts in the DWS to discuss what we can draw from the history of weapons to help us understand contemporary security challenges. After this panel on the 25 Jan, we had the opportunity to speak to three of the panellists, Drs Nicola Leveringhaus, Hassan El Bahtimy, and Daniel Salisbury, about their research and the panel’s overarching theme. But first I caught the panel’s chair and Head of the School of Security Studies, Prof Wyn Bowen, for a brief interview. We asked Prof Bowen to explain what CSSS’s aim was in bringing this panel on Nuclear History together. Bio: - Prof Wyn Bown is Head of School for the School of Security Studies at King's College London, comprising the Defence Studies Department (DSD) and the Department of War Studies. He is also Co-Director of the Centre for Science & Security Studies (CSSS) at King’s. A list of Prof Wyn Bowen's academic publications can be found here:https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/person.aspx?id=2948654e-fe79-4fce-a1c7-64682a0579c0 - Dr Nicola Leveringhaus joined the Department as a Lecturer in War Studies in September 2016. She specialises in the International Relations of Asia, with a focus on China and the security of that region as it relates to nuclear weapons. Dr Leveringhaus is affiliated to the Asian Security & Warfare Research Group and the Centre for Science and Security Studies and the Centre for Grand Strategy in the Department of War Studies. A list of Dr. Leveringhaus's academic publications can be found here: https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/person.aspx?id=f180d264-8c59-46f8-b57f-5159888bfb63 - Dr Hassan Elbahtimy is a Lecturer in Science and Security at the War Studies Department. I hold a PhD and MA in Science and Security from the War Studies Department, a Diplôme d'Université - (D.U.) in International Nuclear Law from the University of Montpellier, and M.B.B.Ch (Medicine) Cairo University. A list of Dr. Elbahtimy's academic publications can be found here: https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/hassan.elbahtimy.html - Daniel Salisbury is a Research Fellow at the Centre for Science and Security Studies (CSSS) within the Department of War Studies. Daniel joined CSSS in July 2018 from the Harvard Kennedy School's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs where he was a Stanton Nuclear Security Postdoctoral Fellow. A list of Dr Salisbury's academic publications can be found here: https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/person.aspx?id=18bb282b-e599-4b95-8389-1d23d6f6a2be _________________ This podcast was produced by Kirk Allen (Twitter: @_KirkAllen)

Date of Recording: 23/01/2019 Description: One of the world’s most ambitious investment and infrastructure development projects, the Belt and Road Initiative is a Chinese government strategy to connect overland and maritime routes across Asia, Africa and Europe. Projected to cost more than US$1tr and involving investments and projects in over seventy states, it is a statement of China’s strategic ambition and growing global role. In his keynote address for the Centre for Defence Studies at King’s College London, Professor Andrew Macleod addresses misconceptions about the Belt and Road Initiative, and places in this broader international context the current debates about Britain’s place in the world after Brexit. Professor Macleod will explore topics including: - The rebalancing of the geopolitical landscape - understanding China’s view of the world and how Belt and Road fits into this mindset; - A closer look at the land and maritime routes being developed; Economic, security and humanitarian implications; and, - How can the Commonwealth best capitalise on the opportunities created by Belt and Road? Bio: Andrew Macleod is Visiting Professor at the Centre for Defence Studies in the School of Security Studies at King’s College London. Professor Macleod is also Vice Chancellor’s distinguished Fellow at Deakin University and a Senior Visiting Lecturer at Tasmania University Law School. At Kings, he contributes to counter-extremism thinking and previously he led the ‘Beyond Shared Value Commission’ looking at ways to measure, in financial terms, external risks to corporations. Professor Macleod’s humanitarian activities included time as Chief of Operations of the UN Emergency Coordination Centre in Pakistan, where he negotiated a complex series of relationships that saw the Pakistan military, international NGOs, UN agencies, US military, UK military and non-state militant groups all playing a role in delivering a successful operation without casualties or conflict. And at the International Committee of the Red Cross, he served in the Balkans and Rwanda during the 1990s. He set up and ran Law of Armed Conflict training with military units in Rwanda and former Yugoslavia that resulted in a measurable decrease in civilian casualties. Amongst other activities in his diverse and international portfolio, Professor MacLeod is the co-founder of Brexit Advisory Services, the Non-Executive Chairman of British based Griffin Law, a Non-Executive Director at New York-based Cornerstone Capital, and an Advisory Board member of International Lawyers for Africa. ______________________________ For more news and information on upcoming events, please visit our website at kcl.ac.uk/warstudies.

Date of Publication: 02/02/2019 Description: In November 2018 The Marjan-Marsh Prize awarded by the Department of War Studies in partnership with the Marsh Christian Trust was presented to Milan Ruzic, President of the Bird Protection and Study Society of Serbia (BPSSS). This award is given annually to someone who has made an invaluable contribution to an area where conflict and conservation overlap. The Marsh Christian Trust was started in 1981 by businessman Brian Marsh to honour ‘unsung heroes’; since then the portfolio of awards has grown to over 70 across a wide spectrum that includes conservation, arts, heritage and social welfare. After the 1990’s Balkan wars, many of the paramilitary groupings morphed into criminal syndicates running everything from guns, humans, drugs, illegal cigarettes and more. A lesser known stream of illegal activity is the trade in wild birds, which are plentiful in the Balkans due to its location as a major fly-way between Africa and Europe. The trade is fuelled mainly in two ways: dead birds for human consumption, delivered throughout Europe, and a thriving shooting/hunting trade focused on quail and doves when hundreds can be shot in a day. All of this occurs despite a raft of international laws either forbidding this trade or restricting the shooting to certain periods. Milan Ruzic from the Bird Protection and Study Society of Serbia received this award in recognition of his work to stop this illegal trade. He is the first European recipient of the Marjan Marsh award for conservation. During his visit to King’s to receive the award Milan was asked about the aims of BPSSS and about the risks that he and his colleagues face. Previous recipients include; (2012): John Kahekwa: from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Founder of the Pole Pole Foundation (POPOF) in Bukavu, in eastern DRC, the foundation works in the Kahusi-Biega National Park, home of the Graurer’s or Eastern Lowland gorilla, by providing sustainable development in an area that has known terrible bloodshed. (2013): Dr Sonali Ghosh: from India. Awarded for her work on the Manas Project which works to protect the biodiversity in the much contested Manas eco-region in the Himalayas, focusing on the conservation of the Bengal tiger. (2017): ‘Community Wildlife Ambassadors’: from South Sudan, Western Equatoria region. While the world’s youngest country grapples with legacies of conflict, famine and atrocity wildlife plays a crucial role as the National Parks and Game Reserves provide ‘islands’ of stability and security. ____________________________ For more news and information on upcoming events, please visit our website at kcl.ac.uk/warstudies

Date of Recording: 18/01/2019 Description: On Day 2 the keynote address of the 'Assurance and Deterrence Within an Alliance Framework' symposium was given by Brigadier General Jasper De Quincy Adams, Director of Comprehensive Crisis and Operations Management Centre, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe NATO (SACEUR). He completed three tours in Iraq (Op TELICs 5, 8 and 11). Subsequently, he was posted to the UK's Permanent Joint Force Headquarters (PJHQ) before deploying to Afghanistan (Op HERRICK 10 and 11) as the mentor to the Helmand Provincial Chief of Police, establishing the Police Mentoring Advisory Group. His recent work at the UK Ministry of Defence in Army Resources and Plans, a short spell as the Task Force Ukraine Team leader at SHAPE and two years as a Special Advisor to the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee. _________________________________ Follow the link to learn more about this symposium: www.kcl.ac.uk/news/news-article.…-a429-8d6c5f469d4b

Date of Recording: 17/01/2019 Description: The keynote address on Day 1 of the 'Assurance and Deterrence Within an Alliance Framework' symposium was given by Dr Kori Schake, Deputy Director-General, International Institute for Strategic Studies. Dr Schake oversees the Institute’s world-class research programme and acts as a driving force behind initiatives to enhance the Institute's work and profile. She has worked with both the military and civilian staffs of the Pentagon, in the White House at the National Security Council, and at the US State Department as Deputy Head of Policy Planning. __________________________________ Follow the link to learn more about this symposium: https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/news-article.aspx?id=8c966762-2fa3-4dd3-a429-8d6c5f469d4b

Date of Recording: 16/01/2019 Description: At the end of the Cold War, the United States emerged as the world’s most powerful state, and then used that power to initiate wars against smaller countries in the Middle East and South Asia. According to balance‑of‑power theory—the bedrock of realism in international relations—other states should have joined together militarily to counterbalance the U.S.’s rising power. Yet they did not. Nor have they united to oppose Chinese aggression in the South China Sea or Russian offensives along its Western border. This does not mean balance‑of‑power politics is dead, argues renowned international relations scholar T.V. Paul, but that it has taken a different form. Rather than employ familiar strategies such as active military alliances and arms buildups, leading powers have engaged in “soft balancing,” which seeks to restrain threatening powers through the use of international institutions, informal alignments, and economic sanctions. Paul places the evolution of balancing behavior in historical perspective from the post-Napoleonic era to today’s globalized world. “Both critics and proponents of the role of the balance of power in international politics treat it as depending on military instruments. The signal accomplishment of T. V. Paul’s book is to show that there is a much larger set of tools that states can employ to restrain troublemakers.”—Robert Jervis, author of How Statesmen Think "In this sophisticated and sweeping historical survey, T.V. Paul shows how modern states have pursued various types of balancing behavior—short of war—to constrain potential hegemonic powers. Restraining Great Powers is a tour de force that should be carefully read and reflected on by scholars and practitioners alike."—David Shambaugh, George Washington University Biography: T. V. Paul is the James McGill Professor of International Relations at McGill University. He has authored or edited eighteen books, including The Warrior State and The Tradition of Non-Use of Nuclear Weapons. He served as president of the International Studies Association (ISA) during 2016–2017. Paul lives in Montreal, Canada. Dr. Walter Ladwig is a Senior Lecturer in International Relations at King’s College London. He is also an Associate Fellow at the Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies and a Non-Resident Fellow of the Center for the Advanced Study of India at the University of Pennsylvania. His book, The Forgotten Front: Patron-Client Relationships in Counterinsurgency was published with Cambridge University Press. Hillary Briffa is currently reading for a doctorate in War Studies at King’s College London, querying whether small states can have a Grand Strategy. She currently teaches second-year undergraduates on the module ‘Grand Strategy and the Foundations of the Anglo-American Strategic Tradition.’