Think About It

Should the government intervene when there’s a speech controversy on campus? Or should universities be allowed to set their own rules, like other associations such as clubs, homeowner associations or churches? Jacob Levy of McGill University has written extensively about the tension between the idea that the state grants or restrict our liberties, while allowing private associations to set their own rules for their members. When is the right moment for the state to interfere in a group's rules?

Self-appointed watchdog groups rank colleges on free speech. Legislatures want to punish universities that don’t uphold free-speech in ways they define. Is there really a crisis? Are students less committed to free speech that earlier generations? Are people allowed to say what they want, or do faculty and students self-censor so they're not challenged and canceled? I spoke with Jeffrey Sachs of Acadia University who teaches political science and has written extensively on the topic.

Free speech is hotly debated around the world today -- and will it be saved by the U.S. Supreme Court? Professor Eric Segall is skeptical about putting our faith and our fate in the hands of nine black-robed justices placed for a lifetime on the Court. He questions the outsized role of judges to overturn laws, which should only happen, he says, when there is clear and convincing evidence of an "irreconcilable variance" between the law and my constitutional rights). Is there a better way?

How can different democracies define free speech differently? In many democracies, speech is regulated differently : in the US hate speech is protected but not child pornography, political speech is protected but not defamation. In other democracies, Holocaust denial or incitement of racial hatred is not protected by the state. I spoke with Adrienne Stone, one of the world's experts on these different approaches to speech. Dr. Stone is Professor at the University of Melbourne in Australia. 

Fake News. Post-truth. Alternative Facts. Conspiracies. Lies, lies, lies. We are living in a disorienting time when truth, it seems, is up for grabs. In Democracy and Truth: A Short History, Sophie Rosenfeld explains that a crisis of truth is not new, and that democracy has always (at least in its modern forms) had to find a way to mediate expert knowledge (of the elites) with the wisdom of the crowds and common sense. Rosenfeld is Professor of History at the University of Pennsylvania.

"I want to help the field of education realize its potential to help realize all Americans' potential." Dr. Liliana Garces was co-counsel in presenting amicus briefs to the Supreme Court of the United States. She is an Associate Professor at the University of Texas at Austin and Affiliate Faculty at the University of Texas School of Law. Her research is on access, diversity, and equity in higher education, and the use and influence of social science research in law. 

In several books, Jessica Benjamin provides a corrective to the modern Western conception of subjectivity. Rather than privileging the development of autonomy and independence, Benjamin asks whether there’s a part of humanity that is in fact deeply relational but gets buried in the stories and practices we impose on ourselves to grow up. I spoke with Benjamin about a different way of orienting our life stories and why a belief in the repairability of the world is essential for our survival.

The British romantic poet William Wordsworth is best known for his moving evocations of nature, his celebration of childhood, and his quest to find a shared humanity. He’s also considered the first modern poet because he turns his mind's workings into the subject of his poetry. That hadn’t happened before. What Wordsworth may really be about, I discussed with brilliant poet and critic Maureen McLane, is whether we trade in the ecstasies of youthful exuberance for a measured but diminished life.

Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin Shelley wrote Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus when she was nineteen years old on a bet. It is the first science fiction novel spawning two centuries of creatures that turn against their makers. I spoke with Julie Carlson, the author of a gripping biography of Mary Shelley's family about what it means that a woman wrote the first science fiction novel, and why the book and the "daemon" Shelley imagined proves so powerful 200 years after its invention.

Paul Celan's poetry bears witness to the Holocaust as the irredeemable rupture in European civilization, but he does so in German, the language of the perpetrators who murdered his parents along with millions of others. How do you bear witness to suffering, murder and loss in the language of the murderers? How can poetry account for the inhumanity of the Holocaust without aestheticizing it? I spoke with Amir Eshel, a critic and poet who is also a professor at Stanford University.

Art Spiegelman's Maus is the story of an American cartoonist's efforts to uncover and record his father's story of survival of the Holocaust. It is also a cartoon. It's a story of survival and also a story of silences, and how the next generation can find and make sense of stories that seem to defy representation in their sheer horror. It's also a triumph of art not over history and trauma, but as a means to deal with it, without finding closure. I spoke with Hilary Chute, an expert on comics.

Ralph Waldo Ellison's masterpiece 1952 Invisible Man tells the story of an African-American man who insists on his visibility, agency, and humanity in a country dead set on not seeing him, barring him from most opportunities, and denying his humanity. I spoke with John Callahan, Ellison's literary executor who brought us the posthumously published Juneteenth, the short story collection Flying Home, and a forthcoming edition of Ellison's letters spanning some 40 years.

We want to be happy, we want to love and be loved. But life, even when our basic needs are met, often makes us unhappy. You can't always get what you want, Freud noted in his 1930 short book, Civilization and its Discontents, and our desires are foiled not by bad luck, our failures, or the environment but often by the civilization meant to make life better. Why does more civilization also mean more psychological suffering? I spoke with Peter Brooks, an expert on Freud and author of many books.

Claude Lévi-Strauss Tristes Tropiques is one of the great books of the 20th century: intellectually bold, morally capacious, and it aims to understand nothing less than the elemental workings of the human mind. It is a work of impassioned curiosity and, even though it's a pessimistic diagnosis of the damage humans, especially Europeans, have inflicted on the planet, it's brimming with hope. I spoke with Denis Hollier, NYU Professor and an expert in French culture, philosophy and literature.

Nella Larsen's gripping 1929 novel Passing recounts the fateful encounter of two women who can pass from being black to white, and back again -- with devastating moral and social consequences. I spoke with Professor Emily Bernard, Julian Lindsay Green & Gold Professor at the University of Vermont and the author of many award-winning books, including the 2019 Black is the Body: Stories from My Grandmother’s Time, My Mother’s Time, and Mine.