State of Opportunity from Michigan Radio

Kids in poverty are much more likely to come from single parent homes . Because of this correlation politicians across the political spectrum (most

Transcript: STATE OF OPPORTUNITY: documentary

I met up with a group of military wives at an empty VFW post in Lansing. Kimberly Sucheck is a charismatic brassy blond former cop called "Madea" by her teenager after the outsize Tyler Perry character.Sucheck is a military wife. Her husband has been in the Army National Guard for well over a decade. She brought four other women with husbands in the military together so I could ask them about what it's like to raise kids when your life is entwined with the military.Each of their husbands have at least two deployments under their belts. Some of their husbands are getting ready for another deployment to Afghanistan, including Kerri Gallagher. She has four children who have been through deployments before, but she said it’s still hard and confusing."My 12 year-old, at one point, he asked me 'when dad leaves, does that mean you’ll be divorced'?"  Gallagher recounted. "He knows  a lot of his other friends have parents who are separated for a long period of time, and they get divorced! And it’s like no, we’re not going to get divorced buddy, don’t worry about that."Of course kids worry. But worry isn’t always bad. It's high amounts of early stress and trauma that can cause a lot of problems down the line. Military kids have both during a deployment, when their lives start to read like a checklist of risk factors: single parent households, upheaval, anxiety about parents being hurt or killed, household financial pressure,  and on and on. Statistics even show maltreatment and neglect of military kids is on the rise.  Kerri Gallagher said her family is still feeling the effects of her husband’s deployment seven years ago. One of her daughters was then thirteen years-old. “It made her angry. She’s 20 years old and she’s still in counseling. Toward the end of that deployment is when she became sexually active, and she started smoking pot." Expanding research shows risky behavior in kids and teens can be a side effect of the way too much stress changes their brains. To dull the effects of stress and trauma on their kids, these moms are practiced at finding resources to help with money, time, and ideas for helping kids feel stable and safe. Many of this resource gathering happens informally. The military does try to erect a support structure, mostly in the form of locally run Family Readiness Councils. But the military has been criticized for not  doing a good enough job helping families through all the stages of deployment. This is especially true for families in the National Guard and Army Reserves.Almost all service members in Michigan are in one of these two branches, over 17 thousand of them. Kids with parents in the Guard or Reserves have risk profiles that mirror the country’s most at risk kids. In part, it's because these families have the hardest time connecting as they’re scattered all over the place.There is no military base in Michigan that provides housing for families. Sucheck used to be one of the military's Family Assistance Coordinators and another woman I spoke with, Elena Bridges, works in that position now on the west side of the state. Even they said the military can leave families unsupported.  "Army National Guard and Army reserves I feel, a lot of times, are forgotten." Sucheck said.After one of her husband's deployments, Sucheck published a guide to all the resources military families can access called Operation Military Resources.  Prior to that, the Army didn’t have a guide at all. All of the women I spoke to use the guide. They said things like emergency funds, respite childcare and money for tutoring make their job easier. There are even little things called "Daddy Dolls" listed in the book, dolls to snuggle with personalized with the soldiers' face.Along with resources, these parents also try to help their kids process their stress by acknowledging it and trying to give their kids some perspective. Janae Rodriguez has five kids. "I try to empower my kids," she said. "Our life situation is not a curse, it’s a gift. And it’s a gift because you know what sacrifice means and you know what uncertainty means, you have compassion, and you know how to survive.”These moms work or run serious volunteer activities in addition to raising their children. They know they need to keep life at home like it was before deployment to minimize stress. And they keep tabs on their kids' schools to make sure they are being supported there. Then, there's trying to keep their own stress low so they can handle it all.Kerri Gallagher said given all of this, she appreciates it when regular people show her they have her back."I mean, God bless my garbage man," she joked. If my garbage isn't down at the end of my driveway he goes up my driveway and he gets my garbage. It’s the little things, man!”These moms also said their kids' dads do a lot to help make it easier on their children, even when they’re far away and in the middle of dangerous situations. They mark special occasions, keep up with their kids' activities at school and stay in touch. Janae Rodriguez makes sure to point this out to her children."I said 'there are a lot of kids right now in this country whose fathers are not involved. And your father is a hero and he’s over there fighting for us but he’s still calling you, writing you, doing things and being involved in your life. He's still involved across the world.'"Stress is a part of military life. If parents can help their kids reduce and process it, research shows their kids can develop character traits to help them be successful. These parents are banking on it.*This story was informed by the Public Insight Network. Share your story with us.

  James Heckman is one of the world’s most distinguished economists. He built his career studying the labor market. In 2000, he won the Nobel Prize.But in recent years, Heckman has become famous for something else. He is now one of the country’s leading advocates for investments in early childhood education. Earlier this month, I had a chance to sit down with him to find out how an economist came to care about preschool.We met at a church in Oak Park, Illinois where Heckman was giving a speech. The pulpit is a fitting place for James Heckman, because he has a gospel to share. It is a gospel of data.  In the 1990s, Heckman came across some data that was disappointing. At the time, there was a lot of interest in genetics. There was new research showing that a person’s IQ was largely determined by genetics, and that IQ was by far the best predictor of how successful a person could be in life. Basically, people were stuck where they started out."So I got a little depressed by that," Heckman says. "And then I realized that you actually had – there was - evidence – scattered evidence … that suggested that if you started early enough, you could actually make a difference."Heckman himself had proven that starting late was a bad idea. He’s a labor economist, so he looked at how job retraining programs helped give workers a boost in the market.  According to his research, they didn’t.But then Heckman started looking at early education. He started researching a project that started in Ypsilanti in the 1960s. It was a famous project – you might have heard of it – called the Perry Preschool project. There were a lot of aspects to Perry, but one important thing to know is that all of the kids enrolled in the program were from high poverty homes. And, on one measure at least, the program was a failure."The kids were entered at age three and four," Heckman says. "By age 10, the IQs of the kids in the program are no smarter than those randomized out – no difference."This supported the depressing research Heckman had come across in the 1990s. There was no benefit to IQ for the kids in Perry preschools."But yet, 40 years later, they have much greater social and economic participation," he says. "Higher earnings, the girls go to school much more, the boys are making money, they’re employed much more than the boys who weren’t in the program, much less crime."So, Heckman, being an economist, did a benefit/cost calculation for the Perry Preschool project. He found that for every dollar invested:"You are getting rates of return of somewhere between six to 10 percent per annum," he says. "On like a passbook savings account, that looks pretty good by current standards," Here was a clear conclusion, supported by data: preschool pays off.But it still didn’t explain why preschool pays off.For that, Heckman had to reject nearly half a century of conventional wisdom about education. He had to get over IQ."The so-called science of education in the 1960s was all based on cognitive psychology. And the measure of what schools created was IQ," Heckman says. "And so you say, ‘Okay, IQ is very important.’ And it is important. But what it also missed was there are all these other traits that somehow got lost."These were the traits that were emphasized at the Perry Preschool project. Heckman says the Perry preschoolers planned out their activity for the day, they did the activity and then they reviewed the activity. It was an exercise of keeping kids on task, teaching them persistence and self-control."So it was teaching these social skills, some people say teaching character," Heckman says. "And that’s the hidden dimension of this program, which is totally ignored in the current public policy."And that’s what Heckman is trying to change. He now leads a team of about 40 researchers and staff. He has a D.C. based public relations firm, paid for with private grant money.All of it to investigate and spread – or even preach - the idea that preschool matters – not just to the children, but to our economy."Because there are huge economic returns," Heckman says. "And intellectually, it creates huge, very interesting problems for economists to solve. I mean, these are economic problems: skills. We’re talking about producing skills. Skills are the core of the modern economy."Heckman says the earlier you start building those skills, the more return there is for society.