Summary: In our second installment of an ongoing series on Ottoman Syria, we explore the ecological and economic conditions of Bilad al-Sham and their transformations throughout four centuries of Ottoman rule. Influenced by new interpretations of the region's history over the past decades that have highlighted the dynamism of the Syrian economy, we provide a qualitative overview of the major agricultural and finished products of the different parts of Greater Syria such as modern-day Palestine, Lebanon, Syria and Southern Turkey as well as the different modes of economic production.
