New York Times op-ed columnist Nicholas Kristof discusses the strategy and inspiration behind his writing on human rights crises.

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Writer Mark Danner reflects on what we can learn from the genocides of the late 1990s.

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Jimmy Mulla discusses his work uniting people from all regions of Sudan who now live in the United States into a voice for peace.

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Taylor Krauss discusses the oral history project with Rwandan genocide survivors that he leads, Voices of Rwanda.

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Janessa Goldbeck, Director of Membership for the Genocide Intervention Network and Sara Weisman, Outreach Coordinator for the Museum's Committee on Conscience, introduce a joint effort from December 1st through the 7th to enlist the public in pledging to prevent genocide, "Pledge2Protect."

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Writer and researcher Bec Hamilton discusses what she describes as one of the most pressing and least publicized needs in Darfur: aid for rape victims.

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Etelle Higonnet is the editor of Quiet Genocide, a new collection that includes a translation of the materials on genocide in the Historical Clarification Commission report on Guatemala. She speaks about the book and how it increases our knowledge about Guatemala and genocide.

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Socheata Poeuv is an independent film maker and the founder of Khmer Legacies. She talks about her documentary, New Year Baby, which follows her journey to Cambodia where she uncovers the history of her family's struggles during the Khmer Rouge regime.

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Professor Lee Ann de Reus talks about interviews she conducted with 30 women rape survivors at Congo's Panzi Hospital. De Reus is also a Carl Wilkens Fellow with the Genocide Intervention Network.

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Rob Kushen, the Managing Director of the European Roma Rights Center, discuss human rights abuses against Roma in Europe today.

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Michael Graham, coordinator of the Museum's Genocide Prevention Mapping Initiative, introduces new visual evidence of destruction in Darfur.

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Alex Hinton provides analysis of the Cambodian tribunal, charged with prosecuting members of the Khmer Rouge, who were responsible for at least 1.5 million deaths from 1975-1979.

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On July 15, 2009, the body of murdered Chechen human rights defender Natasha Estemirova was found. Katerina Sokiryanskaya talks about the incredibly brave and wonderful life of her colleague and friend.

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Episcopalian Archbishop Daniel Deng Bul Yak discusses the role of the church in peacemaking in Sudan and his concerns for the country's future.

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Genocide Intervention Network's executive director, Sam Bell, discusses the vision and work behind one of today's most dynamic anti-genocide organizations.

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The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum mourns the tragic death of Officer Stephen Tyrone Johns, who died heroically in the line of duty on June 10, 2009, protecting our visitors and staff. This episode is cross-posted from the Museum's podcast series, Voices on Antisemitism, and features a piece from Scott Simon that ran originally on NPR's Weekend Edition Saturday.

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Joel Charny, of Refugees International, discusses the challenges of today's refugee response system.

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John Norris, Executive Director of the Enough Project discusses how his organization is working to end genocide and crimes against humanity.

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Carl Wilkens was among the few internationals who stayed in Rwanda during the genocide to help people in need. Today, he speaks about his experiences in Rwanda to audiences across the country in the hopes that he can inspire others to stand against genocide.

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Award-winning filmmaker Anne Aghion discusses the three short films and one feature-length film she has produced and directed on a community-based justice process in Rwanda called gacaca. Her films present an intimate view of how Rwandans are living together after the genocide.

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Across the country and around the world, students with STAND, an anti-genocide coalition, are making their voices heard. Learn what they've been doing this Spring and how the organization remains strong from current student director, Nick Gaw.

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In honor of next week's commemoration of the Holocaust, we are returning to an episode with Leo Melamed, who fled Nazi-occupied Poland as a child. He speaks about why he, as a survivor, feels that preventing and responding to genocide today is a critical part of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum's mandate.

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After 12 years of civil war marked by atrocities against civilians, what does peace mean for the people of Burundi? Peter Uvin, author of Life After Violence: A People's Story of Burundi, discusses what Burundians across the country told him about their hopes for the future and their views of each other and the state.

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Adam Smith, who comes from a family of Holocaust survivors and trained as an international lawyer, discusses his book After Genocide: Bringing the Devil to Justice. The book is critical of the current system of international justice.

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On March 4, 2009, the International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant for Sudanese President Omar El-Bashir. Gabrielle Kirk McDonald, formerly a judge and president of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, discusses the significance of the ICC's decision.

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Jerry Fowler, president of the Save Darfur Coalition, provides an overview of what international activists have done on Darfur and what issues they are currently focusing on.

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Kelly Askin, an expert on international law, discusses the increasing attention paid to gender-based violence in genocidal situations.

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Sudan analyst Eddie Thomas discusses the vision behind Sudan's 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement and why it remains central to the country's future.

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Forensic anthropologist Jose Pablo Baraybar has exhumed mass graves in Rwanda, Bosnia, and Kosovo. He discusses this work and his current mission, to find and identify the 15,000 missing in his native Peru.

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Adapting an Israeli model for helping orphans, Anne Heyman is leading efforts to create a youth village for Rwandan orphans. She discusses the inspiration for the project and how she has managed to make it a reality.

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The Museum's John Heffernan and U.S. Institute of Peace's Lawrence Woocher discuss the newly released report of the Genocide Prevention Task Force. The Task Force was convened by the Museum, USIP and the American Academy of Diplomacy.

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In 1998, Rose Mapendo was swept up in the ethnic battles inside Democratic Republic of Congo and was sent to what she describes as a death camp. Despite enormous suffering and loss, she found the courage to forgive her jailors and became the inspiration for a new organization, Mapendo International, that provides emergency help to refugees.

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Adeeb Yousif is from Darfur, Sudan and has worked to document the genocide there. He first spoke with us in 2006. Now he returns to tell us about Darfur's current most pressing issues.

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The Museum's Michael Graham tells us about a Congolese school he visited in June that was right on the front lines between rebel and government forces, protected by a few peacekeepers. With new rounds of fighting beginning in August, these civilians, and hundreds of thousands of others are at risk today.

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The Museum teamed up with policy analyst John Prendergast and actress and UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador Angelina Jolie to create an online exhibit, Ripples of Genocide: Journey Through Eastern Congo, detailing their trip to Congo in 2003. In this interview, Prendergast's colleagues, Colin Thomas-Jensen and Candice Knezevic, of the Enough Project bring us up to date on the issues explored in the online exhibit. Part Two of this interview focuses on regional and international responses to Congo, including how you can get involved.

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The Museum teamed up with policy analyst John Prendergast and actress and UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador Angelina Jolie to create an online exhibit, Ripples of Genocide: Journey Through Eastern Congo, detailing their trip to Congo in 2003. In this interview, Prendergast's colleagues, Colin Thomas-Jensen and Candice Knezevic, of the Enough Project, bring us up to date on the issues explored in the online exhibit. Part one of this interview focuses on the situation on the ground in Congo.

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Salih Osman Mahmoud has risked his life to improve the human rights situation in Sudan. A native of Darfur, he worked on human rights issues in that region before joining Parliament as a member of the opposition.

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Olympic Gold winning speed skater Joey Cheek talks about why he believes the Olympic Games are more than a sporting event.

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Hasan Nuhanovic's family was killed by Bosnian Serb forces when they overran the UN declared safe haven of Srebrenica in July 1995. He speaks today about the arrest of Radovan Karadzic, the Bosnian Serb wartime leader.

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International law expert William Schabas discusses the decision of the prosecutor for the International Criminal Court to request an arrest warrant for President Bashir of Sudan. The Sudanese president is charged with genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes.

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When David Ngaruri Kenney fled persecution in Kenya he had no idea that his quest for asylum would takes years. He and his lawyer, Philip Schrag, co-authors of Asylum Denied: A Refugee's Struggle for Safety in America, discuss the many hurdles they faced in this quest.

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A boy of seven when the Nazi German army captured his home town of Bialystok, Poland, Leo Melamed fled with his parents, eventually coming to the U.S. Among the incredible successes in his life, Melamed also devoted his time to the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, serving on the Museum's Council from 1991 - 2005. He played a leadership role in the creation of the Museum's Committee on Conscience, which addresses on-going threats of genocide and related crimes against humanity. He speaks about why he, as a survivor, feels the COC is a critical part of the Museum's mandate.

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Sudan expert, Roger Winter, has been documenting the threat and now destruction of Abyei in a series of reports published by the Enough Project. In this interview, he discusses how, in mid-May of this year, the Sudanese military burnt this North-South border town to the ground.

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Julie Flint, co-author with Alex de Waal of Darfur: A Short History of a Long War, discusses some of the preliminary information coming out about the Darfur rebel attack on the Sudanese city of Omdurman.

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Human Rights Watch researcher David Buchbinder analyzes the conflict in Chad and how it relates to violence across the border in Sudan.

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Elizabeth Powley with the Initiative for Inclusive Security discusses how women are playing leadership roles and changing the political landscape in Rwanda.

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Bob Kitchen discusses the series of mortality studies that his organization, the International Rescue Committee, has conducted in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The most recent study found that 5.4 million people have died in DRC since 1998.

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Alex de Waal discusses recent upsurge in fighting in Darfur, how it connects to events in Chad, and what to watch for in southern Sudan.

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Rebecca Feeley, a field researcher for the ENOUGH Project discusses the current situation in Congo, particularly the massive problem of gender based violence.

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Rebecca Feeley, a field researcher for the ENOUGH Project discusses the current situation in Congo, particularly the massive problem of gender based violence.

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Alison des Forges, senior advisor to the Africa Division of Human Rights Watch, was one of the few people drawing attention to the Rwandan genocide in 1994. Here she discusses the impact that event continues to have on its neighboring country, the Democratic Republic of Congo.

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Congolese journalist and writer, Mvemba Dizolele, joins us again to discuss the legacy of long-time ruler of then Zaire (now Congo) Mobutu Sese Seko.

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Gregory Shvedov of the Caucasian Knot and International Memorial discusses the current situation in Chechnya and how violence is spreading throughout the Northern Caucasus.

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As he prepares to take on his new role as Executive Director of the Save Darfur Coalition, Jerry Fowler, former Voices on Genocide Prevention host and Committee on Conscience Staff Director, reflects on his time at the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum.

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China has recently appeared rattled by efforts to link the upcoming Beijing Olympics to China's strong support for Sudan's genocidal government. Dream for Darfur's Jill Savitt explains why.

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ENOUGH! Co-Chair John Prendergast returns to the program to provide an update on the situation in Darfur.

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Adam Sterling, director of Genocide Intervention Network's Sudan Divestment Task Force, discusses the growing divestment movement, which received a boost with passage of the Sudan Accountability and Divestment Act (SADA).

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Michael Ignatieff on Raphael Lemkin and the word genocide.

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Daniel Serwer, vice president of the Center for Post-Conflict Peace and Stability Operations and the Centers of Innovation at the United States Institute of Peace, speaks with guest host, Bridget Conley-Zilkic, about impending decisions on Kosovo's final status.

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Dragan Popović, program coordinator with the Serbian non-governmental organization, Youth Initiative for Human Rights, discusses youth involvement in human rights issues and the impending final status decision for Kosovo.

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Victoria Holt, senior associate at the Henry L. Stimson Center, discusses the challenges that peacekeeping forces have faced in genocidal situations, and what that implies for the hybrid UN-AU force in Darfur and for the future.

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James Dawes is a professor of English at Macalester College and the author of That the World May Know: Bearing Witness to Atrocity. He discusses with guest host Bridget Conley-Zilkic the role that storytelling plays in making atrocities known to the world.

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Having spent the majority of his career teaching about the Holocaust and genocide, Claremont McKenna College Professor of Philosophy, John Roth, shares his thoughts on the ethical responsibility that memory imposes upon human beings. As discussed in "The Holocaust and the Common Good," an essay in his book, "Ethics During and After the Holocaust: In the Shadow of Birkenau," John discusses how memory shapes our values and our choices.

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Dr. Mohammed-Ahmed Abdallah, medical director of the Amel Center for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Victims of Torture in Darfur, speaks with Jerry Fowler about the current situation on the ground in Darfur. He is visiting the United States to receive the 2007 Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award.

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Darfur activist Tim Nonn discusses his latest national campaign, Tents of Hope, and the challenge of maintaining hope and bearing witness in the face of genocide.

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Christine Karumba, country director for Women for Women International in the Democratic Republic of Congo, talks with Jerry Fowler about how conflict in the DRC has changed her life and how Women for Women is working to counter the shattering effects of widespread violence against women.

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Do war crimes trials help create a shared historical understanding? Historian Donald Bloxham, this year's J.B. and Maurice C. Shapiro Senior Scholar-in-Residence at the Holocaust Memorial Museum, speaks with Jerry Fowler about the effect of the Nuremberg trials of top Nazis on attitudes of the German public and of post-World War I trials of top Ottoman officials on attitudes of the Turkish public.

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Legal scholar William Schabas, director of the Irish Human Rights Centre and author of Genocide in International Law: The Crime of Crimes, discusses the history of genocide in international law and its relationship to the overlapping concept of crime against humanity.

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Sudan analyst Eric Reeves, author of A Long Day's Dying: Critical Moments in the Darfur Genocide, returns to Voices on Genocide Prevention to give his perspective on the current situation in Darfur.

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Archivist Becky Erbelding speaks with Jerry Fowler about an important new addition to the Holocaust Museum's collection--a personal photo album with pictures chronicling the lives of SS officers and other Nazis at the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. The rare images capture Nazi officials relaxing and enjoying time off while Jews were being murdered at rates as fast as anytime during the Holocaust.

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Benedict Kiernan is the founding director of the Genocide Studies Program at the Yale Center for International and Area Studies and has been named the A. Whitney Griswold Professor of History. Ben talks to Jerry Fowler about his new book, Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur and how genocide, in practice, is not a recent phenomenon.

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Mossaad Mohamed Ali, a lawyer, an environmentalist and a human rights defender based in Nyala, South Darfur, is the coordinator of the Amel Center for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Victims of Torture. In an interview with Jerry Fowler, Mossaad talks about his involvement to provide legal advice and representation to hundreds facing human rights violations in Darfur and the situation there as it exists today.

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Jane Wells, a freelance writer and a producer of the film, The Devil Came on Horseback: Bearing Witness to the Genocide in Darfur, has traveled to Sudan, Chad, northern Uganda, Rwanda to witness and document atrocities. Jane, the daughter of movie producer Sidney Bernstein, speaks to Jerry Fowler about her father's film about Nazi concentration camps, and the parallels between two silenced atrocities: the Holocaust and Darfur. Also, she is the founder of Three Generations, an organization based on her father's legacy to educate and archive acts of genocide.

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Brian Steidle, a former Marine, served as an unarmed military observer and a United States representative to the African Union where he took photographs documenting the atrocities of the genocide in Darfur, Sudan. He recently published a book about his experiences in Darfur called A Devil Came on Horseback: Bearing Witness to Genocide in Darfur and featured in the documentary of the same title. Brian speaks to Jerry Fowler about his experience in Darfur and his mission to bring awareness through multimedia.

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Shannon Meehan is the Director for Advocacy for the International Rescue Committee and has spent more than 17 years working in conflict zones around the world. The former Peace Corp volunteer speaks to Jerry Fowler about the mission and involment of the International Rescue Committe and her work with refugees around the world. Shannon discusses her recent trip to the Democratic Republic of the Congo and her mission to increase grassroots awareness in the United States regarding Congo.

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Joey Cheek is a 2006 Olympic gold medalist speed skater. Recently, he has turned in his skates to bring an end to the crisis in Darfur Sudan through his organization Where Will We Be?. He speaks to Jerry Fowler about convening an international coalition of athletes with a shared common belief to make the world better by raising awareness of the genocide in Darfur and other countries facing a dire humanitarian crisis.

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In May 2007 filmmaker, Jen Marlowe and journalist, David Morse accompanied the southern Sudanese "lost boys" back to their homes. In 1987 they were forced to flee from Sudan as children because their villages were attacked. Jen Marlowe, the award winning filmmaker of Darfur Diaries, speaks with Jerry Fowler about the current political landscape of southern Sudan and the connections to the crisis in Darfur. Samuel Mayoul Garang, one of the "lost boys," highlights his experience as a refugee living in the United States, his reunion with his family after 20 years of separation, and his future plans to start a school in southern Sudan focusing on health care and education.

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Roger Winter is one of the leading voices on Sudan. He worked for several years as the Executive Director of the United States Committee for Refugees. In 2001, Roger became a high ranking official for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) where he was involved in negotiations to end the conflict in Southern Sudan. Roger speaks to Jerry Fowler about the common threads between the issues of Darfur and Southern Sudan.

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Collin Thomas-Jensen is a Policy Advisor to Enough. In an interview with Jerry Fowler, he discusses the current situation in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, the vast contrast between its beauty and tragedy and response of the international community.

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Michael Graham is the coordinator of the Museum's Genocide Prevention Mapping Initiative, which launched Crisis in Darfur, a joint effort with Google to illuminate the genocide in Darfur using Google Earth. He speaks to Jerry Fowler about his recent trip to Eastern Chad as well as the Museum's unprecedented online mapping initiative.

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Dr. Eric Reeves is a Sudan analyst and researcher. He is also a Professor at Smith College and author of A Long Days Dying: Critical Moments in the Darfur Genocide. Eric speaks with Jerry Fowler about the declining situation in Darfur and Eastern Chad, the prospects of a hybrid force, and the ownership of the peace process.

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Dr. Gerard Prunier, is a researcher at the French National Center for Scientific Research. He joins us from his office in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia to discuss with Jerry Fowler his recent trip to Southern Sudan and the progress in Darfur.

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Nobel Peace Laureate Elie Wiesel discusses the importance of remembering and bearing witness.

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Susan Shirk is a Professor of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego and Director of the University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation. The former Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for East Asia and Pacific Affairs and author of the new book, China: Fragile Superpower, Dr. Shirk joins Jerry Fowler to discuss China's complex global rise as it attempts to maintain stable internal affairs. Professor Shirk examines how China's preoccupation with its international reputation relates to the 2008 Olympic Games and accusations of the country's complicity in the Darfur genocide.

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Jill Savitt, director of the Olympic Dream for Darfur campaign, speaks with Jerry Fowler about the contradiction between Beijing hosting the 2008 Olympic Games, having chosen the slogan "One World, One Dream," and China's close economic relationship with Sudan during the Darfur genocide. Savitt explains the goals of the campaign, why Dream for Darfur does not advocate a boycott of the Olympics, and how citizens can become involved.

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Sudan analysts John Prendergast and Alex de Waal continue the debate about how best to resolve the conflict in Darfur.

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Two of the leading analysts on Sudan, John Prendergast and Alex de Waal, debate solutions to the crisis in Darfur.

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Mia Farrow is an American Actress who is a Golden Globe recipient and has appeared in more than 40 films. She is known for her extensive humanitarian work as a Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF. Mia Farrow has traveled at length to areas where there are humanitarian crisis as well as genocide. In addition, she has written many articles regarding the situation in Darfur, including an article published in the Wall Street Journal, the Genocide Olympics, which she co-wrote with her son, Ronan Farrow. Mia speaks with Jerry Fowler about her recent trip to east Chad, east Central African Republic, her views on the Chinese Olympics and the Fidelity Out of Sudan Campaign.

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Paul Slovic is a Professor of Psychology at the University of Oregon and a founder and President of Decision Research. He studies human judgment, decision making and risk analysis. Paul has received many distinguished awards, among one of them, the Outstanding Contribution to Science Award from the Academy of Oregon of Science in 1995. In addition, Paul has received honorary doctorates from the Stockholm School of Economics and the University of East Anglia. Paul speaks with Jerry Fowler about a case study he conducted. He explains people's response to mass murder and genocide versus individual tragedy.

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Scott Straus, Assistant Professor of Political Science and International Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison teaches classes on genocide, violence, human rights, and African politics. His book, The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda, won a prestigious award in 2006 for Excellence in Political Science and Government from the Professional and Scholarly Publishing Division of the Association of American Publishers. Scott speaks with Jerry Fowler, using Cote D'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) as a case study, to discuss the causes and the dynamics that must be in place to propel a situation towards genocide and mass violence.

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Omer Ismail, co-founder of the Darfur Peace and Development organization, and native Darfurian speaks with Jerry Fowler about the social and cultural factors surrounding the conflict in Darfur. Omer highlights the move from a tolerant society to one with a high level of violence centered on group identity, the effect of global warming, and the role of the Sudanese government.

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Dr. Steven Kull, Director of the Program for International Policy Attitudes and Editor of WorldPublicOpinion.org speaks with Jerry Fowler about the recently released public opinion poll on the United Nations' Responsibility to Protect in general as well as specifically in the case of Darfur.

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Gayle Smith, Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress and a founder of the ENOUGH Project, responds to President George W. Bush's speech at the US Holocaust Memorial Museum last week where he announced several policy options the United States will pursue to stop the genocide in Darfur; what has become known as Plan B.

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U.S. President George W. Bush speaks at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum about the importance of Holocaust remembrance and the urgent need for action to end genocide in Darfur. In his remarks, the President states that if the Sudanese government does not meet the demands of the international community, the United States will pursue several policy options. These include increased U.S. economic sanctions on Sudan, targeted sanctions against individuals responsible for violence in the region, and that the U.S. would propose a United Nations Security Council resolution to apply new sanctions, impose an expanded arms embargo, and prohibit Sudan's government from conducting offensive military flights over Darfur.

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Ken Bacon, President of Refugees International, speaks with Jerry Fowler about the current vulnerable status of humanitarian aid efforts to Darfur, his experience with recent peace negotiations, and the effect groups like Save Darfur are having on President al-Bashir.

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Ambassador Morton Abramowitz, Senior Fellow at the Century Foundation and a former president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, speaks with Jerry Folwer about the current situation in Kosovo and the United Nations' Special Envoy for Kosovo, Martti Ahtisaari's, drafted plan to resolve the region's so called final status. Ambassador Abramowitz recently had an article in Newsweek International arguing that it is time to decide about Kosovo.

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Diane Orentlicher, professor of International Law at Washington College of Law at American University, discusses recent decisions related to impunity made in the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court and how these decisions will play out over the next few months.

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Bec Hamilton, co-founder of the Harvard Darfur Action Group and a representative of the Genocide Intervention Network (GI-Net), discusses the movement to prevent genocide in Darfur, especially in regard to student activism, and her work to build a permanent political constituency against genocide and mass atrocity. Bec highlights two of GI-Net's newest initiatives, Darfur Scores, which provides report cards for all members of Congress dependent on their level of action on the Darfur issue; and 1-800-GENOCIDE, a genocide hot-line that will connect you directly with your representative's office.

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Former Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights from 1993 - 1998, and the United States Ambassador to the Czech Republic from 1998 - 2000, John Shattuck now heads the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation in Boston. In this interview, he discusses the politics of responding to genocide and the roadblocks encountered and caused by government agencies, the syndromes of past interventions gone bad, the public opinion stalemate, and the conflict resolution paradox. Mr. Shattuck concludes with ideas for bursting through these roadblocks and responding to low level conflicts before they turn into genocide.

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Omer Bartov, John P. Birkelund Distinguished Professor of European History at Brown University, details the legacy of Raphael Lemkin, the Jewish lawyer from Poland who coined the term genocide. He also discusses whether mass violence is different today than earlier in human existence as well as the significance of the codification since the Holocaust of international prohibitions against genocide.

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Nicholas Eberstadt, Henry Wendt Scholar in Political Economy at the American Enterprise Institute and United States Committee for Human Rights in North Korea Board Member, discusses the situation of North Koreans who have crossed the border into China. He examines the roles that China, South Korea and the United States have played and what they can do now to reverse this refugee crisis.

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Just back from Northern Uganda and Eastern Congo, John Prendergast of the International Crisis Group, returns to the program to talk with Jerry Fowler about his trip, the new ENOUGH campaign, his upcoming book, and the ongoing Darfur peace talks in Tripoli.

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Carl Wilkens, the only American known to stay in Rwanda throughout the genocide, discusses the choice he made in 1994 to remain in Kigali, the challenges Rwandans faced in resisting participation in the massacres, and how his faith and trust in God allowed him to take action.

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As debate stirs over China hosting the 2008 Olympic Games, U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum historian Susan Bachrach discusses a similar controversy that took place when Nazi Germany was slated to host the Games in 1936. Amid protests by athletes and others, Germany convinced the world that it was fit to hold the Olympics, and as Susan explains, used the Games to boost its image in the international community.

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A pattern of cross-border attacks continues to threaten civilians on the border of Eastern Chad and Darfur, reports David Buchbinder, a researcher with Human Rights Watch, after three trips to the region. Noting the bureaucratic impasses associated with deploying a United Nations force to the region and the lack of security for humanitarian operations, David believes that the prospects for peace and security are far off.

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Former White House Aide and current Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Michael Gerson, talks about his experience in the administration working on the Darfur crisis as a top adviser to the President.

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Jerry Fowler speaks with Lee Feinstein of the Council on Foreign Relations about Ban Ki-moon, the new Secretary General at the United Nations and the idea of the responsibility to protect. Lee details how Ban Ki-moon came to the position, how this will affect his role and legacy at the United Nations, and where Darfur fits into the larger picture. He also defends the notion of the responsibility to protect and explains how it will change the fundamental principles of sovereignty at the United Nations.

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Sayre Nyce, Congressional Advocate at Refugees International, traveled to the Central African Republic (CAR) in late 2006 to evaluate humanitarian conditions in northwest CAR and refugees in southern Chad. She talks with Jerry Fowler about the conditions of life, political tensions, the role of ethnicity in CAR, and the exacerbated violence in the country as a result of the conflict in Darfur.

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Howard Wolpe, Director of the Africa Program and Leadership Project at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, speaks with Bridget Conley-Zilkic about the a post conflict training program he has instituted in Burundi, and plans to continue with in Congo and Liberia. By working with both political leaders and civil society, Howard believes this program will create lasting peace and stability in areas of past and current conflict.

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Human rights advocate for Sudan Social Development Organization (SUDO), Adeeb Yousif, speaks with Bridget-Conley-Zilkic about his work in Darfur, the changes that have taken place since he began working with SUDO, and what he believes are the next steps toward peace. He specifically focuses on uniting the rebel groups to find a lasting political solution to the conflict.

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Having recenlty reported to the Security Council about the International Criminal Court's progress on the Darfur case, Chief Prosecutor Luis Moreno-Ocampo explores the challenges he faces with this investigation and the possibility of extending the investigations into Chad. He also discusses where the Court stands in the cases of Congo and Uganda, and shares his thoughts on the death of Augusto Pinochet.

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Having spent the majority of his career teaching about the Holocaust and genocide, Claremont McKenna College Professor of Philosophy, John Roth, shares his thoughts on the ethical responsibility that memory imposes upon human beings. As discussed in "The Holocaust and the Common Good," an essay in his new book, "Ethics During and After the Holocaust: In the Shadow of Birkenau," John discusses how memory shapes our values and our choices.

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Co-pastor of Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Boston as well as a pediatrician at Boston South End Community Health Center, Gloria White-Hammond returns to Voices on Genocide Prevention. Having recently returned from Southern Sudan, she discusses the fragile humanitarian situation in the South as well as some of her new initiatives for Darfur such as "Judgment on Genocide," a citizen tribunal that put Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir on trial, a Global Day for Darfur and a conference of Sudanese women.

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News anchor for NBC's Today Show, Ann Curry, recently returned from her second trip to the Chad-Sudan border. She speaks with Jerry Fowler about her trip to the region, the deteriorating situation and the brave women she met there. Ann also highlights the importance of public response, noting that the more emails and feedback a story receives and the more the public cares about a story such as Darfur, the more likely the outlet is to continue covering the region.

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Smith College English Professor and widely read Sudan analyst, Eric Reeves, returns to the program to discuss the deterioration of the genocide in Darfur and its spillover into Chad. With new reports of cross-border attacks, more humanitarian aid groups pulling out, and the situation rapidly worsening, Eric reports that the new agreement on a hybrid force is even more disheartening. With no concrete numbers in place and an unclear command structure, it seems that Khartoum has once again succeeded in using diplomacy to achieve its goals.

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The U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum will project wall-sized images of the genocide in Darfur onto its facade every night during Thanksgiving week, marking the first time the national memorial's exterior will be used to highlight contemporary genocide. The photographs are drawn from the work of some of the world's premier photojournalists, including VoGP guest, Ron Haviv. Ron discusses the challenges he faces as a crisis photographer, what brought him to Darfur and his work in the Balkans.

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Human Rights Watch researcher, Leslie Lefkow, discusses the escalating violence in Eastern Chad and its direct connection with the fighting in Darfur. The Sudanese government's support of the Chadian rebels and the Chadian government's support of the Darfur rebels have led to cross border attacks, and once again, it is the civilian population that suffers.

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Andrew Natsios, President Bush's newly appointed Special Envoy to Sudan, presents a hopeful outlook on the situation in Darfur, and throughout Sudan. Special Envoy Natsios claims that in his talks with the government in Khartoum, officials stated that Sudan may be willing to accept troops from North Africa and other Muslim countries, to allow logistic and planning supplementation from the United Nations, and to make amendmendments to the Darfur Peace Agreement to broaden its appeal to all parties. He shared his opinions and findings from his most recent trip to Darfur with President Bush this past week.

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Anneke Van Woudenberg, a Senior Researcher for Human Rights Watch, discusses the runoff elections in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the effect they have had on the human rights situation in the region. She reports that the DRC's democratic future remains ominous and the international community must stay engaged.

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Jerry Fowler speaks with Jerry Fowler speaks with Jason Matus, a development expert who first started working in Sudan in 1994. Focusing on the 2005 peace agreement signed between the Sudanese government and the Southern rebel group, the Sudan People's Liberation Movement, Jason explores the significance and progress of three regions--Abyei, the Nuba Mountains and the Blue Nile--in implementing the agreement., a development expert who first started working in Sudan in 1994. Focusing on the 2005 peace agreement signed between the Sudanese government and the Southern rebel group, the Sudan People's Liberation Movement, Jason explores the significance and progress of three regions--Abyei, the Nuba Mountains and the Blue Nile--in implementing the agreement.

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Peter Balakian, Professor of English at Colgate University, is author of the best-selling book, "Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response." He discusses the grassroots movement to end the genocide, the media's coverage of the events, the political responses, and the relevance it has to the crises our world faces today.

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After learning about the situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo and realizing how little others knew about it, Lisa Shannon had to take action. Lisa teamed up with Women for Women International and created Run for Congo Women, a simple and concrete way citizens around the world can raise awareness and funds for women living in war-torn Congo. Last year, she did a lone, thirty mile run, raising $28,000; this year she has organized runs across the world raising thousands of dollars for women in the Congo.

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Michael Scharf, Professor of Law and Director of the Frederick K. Cox International Law Center at Case Western University Law School in Cleveland, discusses the possiblity for justice in the recent verdict in the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia for the case of Momcilo Krajisnik. Having just returned from the Netherlands where he was advising on how to handle a defendant such as Saddam Hussein, he also speaks about Saddam's second trial that is currently taking place in Baghdad.

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Jason Miller is the national policy director for the Sudan Divestment Taskforce which is involved in nearly 100 divestment campaigns around the country, and he is also pursuing a dual MD/PHD degree at University of California, San Francisco. Jason discusses the various types of divestment campaigns the taskforce handles, the challenges and obstacles the group faces, and the impact of divestment on the fight to end genocide in Darfur.

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As a consultant to the African Union, Alex de Waal, senior fellow at Harvard's Global Equity Initiative and author of "Darfur: Short History of a Long War," helped broker the Darfur Peace Agreement. In an interview with Jerry Fowler, he explains that the agreement is deteriorating because a solution was rushed, not enough parties signed onto the deal, and Darfur is still missing a political solution. Taking a different stance than most, Alex asserts that before protection can be provided to the people of Darfur, a political settlement must be reached.

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Award-winning playwright, Catherine Filloux, discusses her latest play, "Lemkin's House," with Jerry Fowler. Catherine imparts her connection with Raphael Lemkin and his legacy, and she talks about how she first got involved with the subject of mass violence.

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In 2004, as a student at Swarthmore College and as the grandson of Holocaust Survivors, Mark Hanis could not remain idle as genocide raged in Darfur, and founded a student group to raise funds for the African Union. Mark transformed that young organization into a well-known NGO, the Genocide Intervention Network, leading the fight against the genocide emergency in Darfur. He discusses GI-Net's newest initiative, Darfur Scores, and explains the upcoming Power to Protect campaign they are launching with STAND.

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Freelance journalist and Congo native, Mvemba Dizolele talks with Jerry Fowler about the situation in the Democratic Republic of Congo, focusing on the meaning of the recent elections. He addresses many of the complications undermining the election such as it's size, the various warring militia groups, its mineral riches, and the committment of the international community.

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Jane Alao, a psychosocial counselor at the Amel Centre for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Victims of Torture in Nyala, South Darfur discusses the objectives of the Centre--to provide treatment, rehabilitation, direct assistance, awareness and legal aid to victims of torture and rape. She focuses on the story of three cousins who were raped on their way to school in Nyala and the legal proceedings of their case.

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Award winning actress and UNICEF ambassador, Mia Farrow, and her son and UNICEF youth spokesperson, Ronan Farrow, speak about their first hand accounts of the Darfur refugee camps. They describe the ceaseless struggle of the refugees that they met on their trips to Darfur in November 2004 and this past June, and they express fear of refugee settlements becoming permanent.

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Joining the program from Belgrade, Dr. James Lyon, the Special Balkans Advisor at the International Crisis Group, speaks with Jerry Fowler about the region, where he has been working for the past twenty-five years. He explains the complexity of Kosovo's history and how ethnic differences remain tied into this regions' present struggle for independence.

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Ken Bacon, the President of Refugees International, speaks with Jerry Fowler from Khartoum after having spent eleven days in North and South Darfur. He explains what must be done to salvage the fragile Darfur Peace Agreement and emphasizes the need for security. President Bush met with SLA leader, Minni Minawi this past Tuesday, and Ken sent Bush a letter asking him to address these issues in his meeting with the only rebel leader to sign the peace agreement.

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Sarah Margon, Conflict Policy Advisor at Oxfam America, speaks with Jerry Fowler about the deteriorating situation in Darfur.

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John Prendergast, Special Advisor to the President of the International Crisis Group, returns to the program to talk about his recent trip to Eastern Chad and parts of Darfur. He discusses the spillover of violence into Chad, the opposition to the Darfur Peace Agreement and the consequences of this resistance, the attempts to overthrow Chad's President, and the possibility of forced recruitment by the rebels in the refugee camps.

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Alfred Taban, the Publisher and Chairman of the Khartoum Monitor, Sudan's only independent English-language daily newspaper, recently received an award from the National Endowment for Democracy and met with President Bush. During his trip to the United States, he sat down with Jerry Fowler to talk about the Darfur Peace Agreement, comparing it to South Sudan's Comprehensive Peace Agreement. They also discussed the situation in the South and the challenges Taban faces as the Publisher of the Khartoum Monitor.

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Jay Lefkowitz, Special Envoy on Human Rights in North Korea, discusses the current human rights situation in North Korea with regard to human trafficking, systematic starvation, concentration camps, and refugees. He also tackles the relationship between North Korea's nuclear ambitions and human rights, and how the United States works with other countries on these difficult issues.

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Ross Mountain, Deputy Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary General in the Democratic Republic of Congo, provides an update on the humanitarian situation on the ground. He discusses the nature of the conflict, violence against women, exploitation of the country's natural resources, and the upcoming elections.

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Ben Valentino, a Political Scientist at Dartmouth University discusses his book, "Final Solutions: Mass Killings and Genocide in the 20th Century" with Jerry Fowler.

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Dr. Charlie Clements, the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Unitarian Universalist Service Committee, talks with Jerry Fowler about Waitstill and Martha Sharp. On June 13th, 2006, the Sharps will have their names engraved in the Garden of the Righteous at Yad Vashem, where only one other American, Varian Fry, has been honored. The couple risked their lives to save refugees fleeing Nazi Germany, and helped found what is today called the Unitarian Service Committee, dedicated to protecting human rights and promoting social justice.

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Pauline Baker, the President of the Fund for Peace, discusses the recent publication of the Failed States Index, in partnership with Foreign Policy Magazine. She explains the meaning of "failed state," highlights key indicators of these states, and explains the significance behind worldwide trends of failing states. Ms. Baker also points out that although the United States is considered stable, it has pockets of failure.

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Jane Holl Lute, Assistant Secretary General for Peacekeeping Operations at the United Nations, unpacks the process of the deployment of a United Nations peacekeeping mission to Darfur. She addresses what an assessment mission entails, how assets are acquired for the operation, why most contributions come from developing nations, what type of mandate the Darfur mission will have, and why the timeframe for deployment is so long.

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On a recent visit to the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, Bosnian President Sulejman Tihic spoke with Jerry Fowler in the Darfur Display of the Wexner Learning Center about the major challenges facing Bosnia today, dealing with the truth of Bosnia's history, accountability for war crimes, and returning displaced persons to their homes. They also discuss Bosnia's responsibility in soliciting an international response to the crisis in Darfur.

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Richard Just and Marisa Katz, editors at the New Republic, share their thoughts on the failure of the United States and the West to stop the genocide in Darfur. They discuss what led the New Republic to devote its May 15th issue to Darfur and the unique perspective they believe the magazine brings to bear.

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Scott Straus, a Political Science professor at the University of Wisconsin, Madison has recently published "Intimate Enemy: Images and Voices of the Rwandan Genocide" and is about to release a new book, "The Order of Genocide: Race, Power and War in Rwanda". In this interview, he provides a brief overview of the genocide in Rwanda in 1994, unravels the complicated notions behind the two ethnic groups, Hutus and Tutsis, and explains the implications that these categories had in terms of the genocide. Mr. Straus also tackles the difficult notions behind the intertwined relationships of perpetrators, rescuers and bystanders during the genocide in Rwanda.

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United Nations Undersecretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs, Jan Egeland, recently presented an ominous report to the Security Council on the humanitarian situation in Darfur. He discusses this report with Jerry Fowler.

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Ruth Messinger, Executive Director of the American Jewish World Service, will speak at the Rally to End Genocide in Darfur this Sunday on the National Mall. She has traveled to the Darfur region twice and has been leading the Jewish community's movement for Darfur.

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On April 30th, rallies to end genocide in Darfur will take place in Washington, DC, San Francisco, and around the country. Olympic speedskating gold medalist Joey Cheek and former U.S. Marine Brian Steidle will be among the speakers. They talk with Jerry Fowler about their speaking tours around the country, the public's reaction to their decisions to speak out for Darfur, and the future of the Darfur movement.

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Erin Mazursky, the Executive Director of STAND: Students Taking Action Now: Darfur and a Georgetown University student talks with Jerry Fowler about why she became active on Darfur and the Power to Protect Campaign that STAND is running in conjunction with the April 30th rally on the National Mall.

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U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum historian, Edna Friedberg, and Case Western Reserve University law professor Michael Scharf discuss the meaning of justice in the context of Nuremberg, the international tribunals for Yugoslavia and Rwanda, and the International Criminal Court with regard to Darfur. Edna created the Museum's exhibition, "The Nuremberg Trials: What is Justice," and she speaks about the limits of justice and the limits of the law. Michael discusses the deterrant affect of the existence of a permanent International Criminal Court.

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Bridget Conley-Zilkic, Project Director of the Committee on Conscience, conducts an interview with Louise Mushikiwabo, a native Rwandan about her new book, "Rwanda Means the Universe: A Native's Memoir of Blood and Bloodlines". Mrs. Mushikiwabo discusses what it was like to be in Washington at the time of the genocide while her family was in Rwanda. She also reads from her book, and discusses what it was like growing up in Rwanda.

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Chris Padilla, Chief of Staff and Senior Advisor to Deputy Secretary of State Robert Zoellick, discusses the obstacle that China creates for peace in Darfur, the unraveling at the United Nations for a transitional peacekeeping force, the recent demonstrations against the United Nations in Khartoum, and the controversy the U.S. government faces in balancing counter-terrorism intelligence with negotiating peace in Darfur. Padilla also talks about the recent Resolution in the Security Council urging Kofi Annan to speed up the planning process to deploy a United Nations peacekeeping force in Darfur and the progress of the Abuja peace talks.

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Award winning journalist and director of the Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, Jon Sawyer, recently returned from Darfur where he spent a week traveling with African Union troops. He discusses patrols with the African Union, the attacks near the Chad border, the capabilities, limitations, and morale of the troops, and the mission of the newly founded Pulitzer Center.

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Bradley Whitford, an Emmy-award winning star of the political drama, The West Wing, who recently wrote an episode of the show that focused in part on the genocide in Darfur. He discusses how he came to write about Darfur, his interactions with Sudan researcher Eric Reeves, how the episode unfolds, and in particular, why he chose to have President Bartlett remain silent on the issue.

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The International Crisis Group's, John Prendergast discusses three categories of response for the situation in Darfur: civilian protection, accountability, and root causes. Prendergast shares his views on the progress of transitioning the African Union force to a United Nations peacekeeping force and the challenges the peace talks are facing in Abuja. He also talks about his recent trips around the country to promote activism and intervention on the part of the American people.

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New York Times Columnist Nicholas Kristof returns to the program to report on his sixth trip to the Chad-Darfur border as the violence is now spilling into Chad. As addressed in his recent columns, Kristof discusses the spillover of violence, the Chadian rebel movement, the possibility of an assault on the government of Chad, and the reaction of the French. He also talks about his current contest for college students.

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Return guest, Mudawi Ibrahim Adam, Chair of the Khartoum-based Sudan Social Development Organization discusses a recent meeting with President Bush, his views on the transition from an African Union force to a United Nations peacekeeping operation, the progress of peace talks in Abuja, and the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Southern Sudan.

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Baba Gana Kingibe, the Special Representative of the African Union in Sudan, provides an update on the situation on the ground through the eyes of the African Union. Ambassador Kingibe discusses the recent spillover of violence into Chad and the clashes taking place between the rebels and government along the border, the possible transition of African Union troops to a United Nations peacekeeping mission, and the ongoing peace negotiations in Abuja threatened by the splits within the different rebel movements.

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The International Rescue Committee's Rick Brennan, discusses his findings from a study recently published in the British Medical Journal, Lancet, titled, "Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A Nationwide Survey." He speaks about the direct and indirect consequences leading to death in Eastern Congo, changes in mortality rates over time, and the social infrastructure that exists today. Senior Analyst at the International Crisis Group, Jason Stearns provides a political and historical analysis of the current situation. He also talks about the presence of foreign militaries in the region, upcoming elections, and the lack of international response.

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Gloria White-Hammond, the co-pastor of Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Boston, Massachusetts, a pediatrician at Boston's South End Community Health Center, and the National Chairwoman of the Million Voices for Darfur Campaign, discusses her personal struggles, the work she did in Southern Sudan and today for Darfur, and how to get involved in the Million Voices for Darfur Campaign.

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Juan Mendez discusses the mandate of the Special Advisor on the Prevention of Genocide, the role of the Convention and the responsibility to protect vulnerable civilians. He addresses his activities concerning Darfur, including his findings and recommendations following his two trips to the area.

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Ekaterina Sokiryanskaya, of the Russian Human Rights Group "Memorial," provides an analysis of the situation in Grozny today. She discusses the living conditions in the city of Grozny, the spillover of violence in the region, Chechen leadership, and the everyday choices civilians in the region face.

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Nobel Peace Laureate Elie Wiesel discusses the importance of remembering and bearing witness.

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Gayle Smith, Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress provides an analysis of the African Union's summit in Khartoum, the decision to skip over Sudan's president Omar al Bashir as President of the African Union, and the prospects for transitioning to a United Nations peacekeeping force.

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Sudan researcher, Eric Reeves, discusses the current situation on the ground in Darfur, the failure to implement the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Southern Sudan and the brewing troubles in the East.

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Jendayi Frazer, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs speaks with Jerry Fowler about the current conditions in Darfur, the progress of the implementation of the North-South Comprehensive Peace Agreement and the prospects for integrating a United Nations peacekeeping force with the African Union.

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Africa Program Director, Suliman Baldo discusses the International Crisis Group's recent report, "Sudan: Saving Peace in the East." Mr. Baldo explains the nature of the conflict in the East, the different groups involved, and his recommendations of what outside actors can do to bring about a peaceful solution.

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Sally Chin, Advocate of Refugees International just returned from South Darfur and wrote the report, "No Power to Protect: The African Union Mission in Darfur." She speaks with Jerry Fowler about the lack of funding and resources for the African Union and her recommendations to improve their protection capabilities.

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Ambassador Princeton Lyman, Senior Fellow at the Council of Foreign Relations talks with Jerry Fowler about a report on new approaches towards Africa and the situation in Darfur.

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Last March, the United Nations Security Council asked the International Criminal Court to investigate international crimes in Darfur. A day after ICC Chief Prosecutor Moreno-Ocampo reported to the Security Council on the progress of the investigation into crimes in Darfur, he sat down with Jerry Fowler to talk about the investigation in Darfur and other cases such as Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

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Polish-Jewish jurist Raphael Lemkin, whose family was annihilated in the Holocaust, coined the word "genocide" in 1944. On the 100th anniversary of Lemkin's birth, Michael Ignatieff described Lemkin's contribution (originally recorded on December 13, 2000).

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Jerry Fowler and Sudanese scholar Albaquir Mukhtar discuss the ways in which competing notions of identity contribute to conflict in Sudan. They touch on the ongoing crisis in Darfur, as well as the longstanding conflict in the south and the potential for future violence in eastern Sudan.

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New York Times columnist, Nicholas Kristof recently returned from the Darfur region of Sudan. In an interview with Jerry Fowler, he shares his observations on the current situation, the effectiveness of the African Union, what needs to be done to bring about change, and why the crisis deserves a human response.

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Senator Sam Brownback (R-Kansas) speaks with Jerry Fowler about the genocide in Darfur and his efforts in Congress to halt the violence (November 15, 2005). The Senator talks about why this issue is important to him, the Darfur Peace and Accountability Act, and why the foreign appropriations bill cut $50 million from the African Union.

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Archbishop Lukudu Loro of Juba in Southern Sudan shares an update on the situation in Southern Sudan with Jerry Fowler (November 17, 2005). He addresses the success and sustainability of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, the sudden death of rebel leader John Garang, the integration of Southern Sudan into the government of National Unity, the Government of Sudan's support of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), and reconstruction of the South.

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Jerry Fowler interviews Dr. Mudawi Ibrahim Adam, chair of the Sudan Social Development Organization (November 10, 2005), about the conflict in the Darfur Region of Sudan and the situation of Darfurian refugees in Chad. They discuss Darfur's recent increase in violence, the responsibility of the Government for the genocide, the effectiveness of the African Union troops, and what is necessary for security in the region.

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